G2

• Bleeding during pregnancy can be categorized as spotting, which is light bleeding, or bleeding, which is heavier bleeding.
• If you experience bleeding or spotting during pregnancy, call your healthcare provider and keep track of how heavy the bleeding is, if it gets heavier or lighter, and how many pads you are using.
• The color of the blood can vary, it could be brown, dark or bright red.
• Do not use a tampon, douche or have sex when you’re bleeding.
• Heavy bleeding, bleeding with pain or cramping, dizziness and bleeding, or pain in your belly or pelvis are reasons to call your healthcare provider immediately.
• Bleeding or spotting early in pregnancy is normal and can be caused by having sex, an infection, implantation, hormone changes, or changes in your cervix.
• Certain types of testing during pregnancy like amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can cause bleeding or spotting.
• Bleeding or spotting in the first trimester may be a sign of a serious problem like miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, or molar pregnancy.
• Implantation bleeding is a type of spotting that occurs around the time of implantation and is characterized by pinking or browning in color, no visible clots, light flow or spotting that only lasts a few days, darker red in color, and is associated with cramping and pain.
• Miscarriage or spontaneous abortion is the unexpected ending of a pregnancy in the first 20 weeks of gestation and is a naturally occurring event, unlike medical or surgical abortions.
• Severe Preeclampsia is defined as blood pressure rising to 160 mm Hg systolic and 110 mm Hg diastolic or above on at least two occasions 6 hours apart at bed rest or diastolic pressure is 30 mm Hg above prepregnancy level.
• Eclampsia is the most severe classification of PIH, defined as a grand-mal seizure or coma due to cerebral edema.
• Perinatal mortality is not increased with simple gestational hypertension, so no drug therapy is necessary.
• Signs and symptoms of miscarriage or spontaneous abortion may not be apparent.
• Mild Preeclampsia is defined as proteinuria and blood pressure rising to 140/90 mm Hg, taken on two occasions at least 6 hours apart.
• Nursing Diagnoses for Pregnancy-induced Hypertension include Ineffective tissue perfusion related to vasoconstriction of blood vessels, Deficient fluid volume related to fluid loss to subcutaneous tissue, Risk for fetal injury related to reduced placental perfusion secondary to vasospasm, and Social isolation related to prescribed bed rest.
• Nursing Interventions for a Woman with Mild Pregnancy-induced Hypertension include Monitoring antiplatelet therapy, Promoting bed rest, Promoting good nutrition, and Providing emotional support.
• Pregnancy-induced Hypertension is classified as gestational hypertension, mild preeclampsia, severe pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia, depending on how far the syndrome has advanced.
• Gestational Hypertension is defined as an elevated blood pressure (140/90 mm Hg) but no proteinuria or edema.
• Pregnancy-induced Hypertension, originally called toxemia, is a condition where a woman produces a toxin in response to the foreign protein of the growing fetus, leading to typical symptoms.
• Edema is present in a woman's hands, not a body area near her growing child.
• A woman may have a nonstress test or biophysical profile done daily to assess uteroplacental sufficiency.
• Management of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes includes expectant management, unless there is evidence of fetal distress, and Group B streptococcal prophylaxis.
• An eclamptic seizure is a tonic-clonic type that occurs in stages, starting with a preliminary signal or aura that something is happening, all the muscles of the woman’s body contract, her back arches, her arms and legs stiffen, and her jaw closes abruptly.
• There is some evidence that a fetus does not continue to grow after eclampsia occurs, so terminating the pregnancy at this point is appropriate for both mother and child.
• Vaginal Infection can be caused by UTIs, STDs, and bacterial vaginosis.
• Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes can lead to complications such as infection, separation of the placenta from the uterus, problems with umbilical cord, and fetal lung hypoplasia.
• These drugs can cause Maternal tachycardia, so assess pulse and blood pressure before and after administration.
• Complications of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes include infection, separation of the placenta from the uterus, problems with umbilical cord, and fetal lung hypoplasia.
• Oxygen administration to the mother may be necessary to maintain adequate fetal oxygenation and prevent fetal bradycardia.
• Abnormal membrane refers to a condition where the membrane is not normal.
• Fetal well being is monitored by single Doppler auscultation at approximately 4-hour intervals, with continuous monitoring available if necessary.
• Diagnosis & Test of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes include sterile speculum examination, nitrazine test, and endocervical samples for gonorrhea and chlamydia testing if clinically indicated.
• The cause of PIH is unknown, but it is highly correlated with the antiphospholipid syndrome and the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies.
• Severe pre-eclampsia usually results in hospitalization so bed rest can be enforced and a woman can be observed more closely than she can be on home care.
• Signs & Symptoms of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes include leaking or gush of watery fluid from the vagina, constant wetness in underwear, absence of steady labor contraction, and decrease in uterine size.
• Diastolic pressure should not be lowered below 80 to 90 mm Hg or inadequate placental perfusion could occur.
• Amniotic Sac Infection is a condition where the amniotic sac becomes infected.
• Magnesium sulfate remains the drug of choice to prevent eclampsia.
• Treatment of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes depends on the gestational age of the pregnancy.