Genetics Lec

• Basis of Karyotyping are; size of chromatids, banding patterns, and centromeric positions.
• Centromere positions - metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric, and telocentric
• Heads contain glycerol & phosphate and the hydropholic
• Tails made up of fatty acids and are hydrophobic.
• Cell Membrane Proteins help move large molecules or aid in cell recognition.
• Peripheral Proteins are attached on the surface (inner or outer)
• Integral Proteins are embedded completely through the membrane.
• Cell Membrane pushes out against the wall to maintain cell shape.
• Cell Wall found outside the cell membrane
• Cytoplasm jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane.
• Nucleus control the normal activities of the cell, usually the largest organelle
• Nuclear Envelope double membrane surrounding nucleus.
• Chromatin DNA is spread out.
• Nucleolus make ribosomes that make proteins.
• Prokaryotic Cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
• 2 types of Prokaryotic Cells; archaea and bacteria.
• Flagella used for locomotion.
• Eukaryotic Cells possess a cytoskeleton for support and to maintain cellular structure.
• Nucleus stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of multiple, linear chromosome
• Ribosomes site of protein synthesis in the cell.
• Endomembrane System is series of membrane throughout the cytoplasm.
• Endomembrane System; endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes.
• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum attachment of ribosomes to the membrane gives a rough appearance.
• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum relatively few ribosomes attaches.
• Golgi Apparatus packaging and distribution of materials to different parts of the cells.
• Lysosomes membrane bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes to break down macromolecules.
• Microbodies contain enzyme, membrane bound vesicles.
• Glyoxysomes in plants contain enzyme for converting fats to carbohydrates
• Peroxisomes contain oxidative enzymes and catalase.
• Vacuoles membrane-bound structures with various functioning depending on the cell type.
• Central Vacuole in plant cells.
• Contactile Vacuole of some protists
• Mitochondria present in all types of eukaryotic cells.
• Matrix within the inner membrane
• Intermembrane space located between the two membranes
• Chloroplast present in cells of plants and some other eukaryotes
• Endosymbiosis one cell engulfed a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed.
• Cystoskeleton network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cell
• Centrioles help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell
• Cell Movement crawling is accomplished via actin filaments and the protein myosin.