9 - types of research

• Quantitative research was introduced around 1250 A.D to assist researchers in analyzing data via quantification.
• In quantitative research, the research problem is stated in the form of a hypothesis.
• Measurements in quantitative research prioritize validity and reliability to test theories.
• Creswell (2003) mentioned that quantitative research could be conducted via experimental and surveys, gathering data on predetermined instruments that yield statistical data.
• Quantitative research refers to the research which intends to quantify and subscribes to a particular empirical approach to knowledge.
• Test face validity and content validity of semi-structured questionnaires.
• SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRES ARE USED IN QUALI RESEARCH RESULTS, WHICH INCLUDE DATA TRANSCRIPT/VERBATIM AND ANALYSIS USING NVIVO 10.
• Conduct an actual study, which is quasi-experimental research, to test psychometric criteria.
• Conduct a pilot study to test the suitability of questions/items.
• Through measuring variables precisely, quantitative research would be valid enough to justify the study.
• Quantitative research is always conducted in a controlled setting, such as in the labs setting, to ensure that the data collected would be objective, fair and escape from the affect from confounding variables.
• Quantitative research consists of the elements of concise, accurate and can be strictly controlled, in order to ensure that the results are replicable.
• Quantitative data also has the predictive power in that research can be generalized and applied to different settings.
• Outcomes and findings from a quantitative study can be analyzed within a short time period.
• Quantitative data does not recognize the individuality of human beings and can be guilty of grouping people into set categories.
• In the first stage of qualitative research, case study, focus group discussion, in-depth interview, observation, memo, journal/diary of research subjects are used to explore meaning, idea, and concept.
• The researcher must listen carefully to what participants say, engage with them according to their individual personalities and styles, and use “probes” to encourage them to elaborate on their answers.
• The combination method of quantitative & qualitative involves mixed method research, starting with qualitative and then quantitative approach, known as exploratory sequential design.
• Due to the individual, subjective nature of qualitative data, it is often inappropriate or not even possible to make predictions for the wider population.
• Techniques involve reporting behavior & commenting on it, without quantify the behavior, allowing the researchers to generate open-ended questions, and probing gives participants the opportunity to respond in their own words, rather than forcing them to choose from fixed responses, as quantitative methods do.
• Qualitative data analysis is lengthy and due to the open-ended approach used in qualitative research it can be difficult to test hypothesis.
• Open-ended questions have the ability to evoke responses that are meaningful and culturally salient to the participant, unanticipated by the researcher, and rich and explanatory in nature.
• An advantage of qualitative methods is that they allow the researcher the flexibility to probe initial participant responses, to ask why or how.
• Analysis and the calculation of the quantitative study could be complicated.
• Qualitative research is focused on the quality or qualities of an experience or psychological & behavioral phenomena that do not involve their quantification.
• Methods in qualitative research are similar to observational techniques used in case study.