Lab for human and anatomy

• Anatomy is the study of the human body's structure, where things are located.
• Physiology is the study of the human body's function, how these structures work.
• Anatomy takes up a lot of the lab portion of the class, while physiology takes up a lot of the lecture time in the class.
• Both structure and function work closely together, a concept known as the dogma of anatomy and physiology.
• There are different types of anatomy and physiology, including systemic anatomy which studies the human body's organ systems, regional anatomy which studies the different regions of the human body, and surface anatomy which studies the surface markings of the human body.
• There are also specific subfields of anatomy, including gross anatomy which studies the structures inside of organs and organ systems that we can see with our naked eye, and microscopic anatomy the study of structures of the human body that do require a microscope for observation.
• Physiology also has its own subfields, including neural physiology which studies the brain and nervous system, and cardiovascular physiology which studies the heart and blood vessels.
• The lungs have thin tissue which allows gases to quickly cross, maintaining homeostasis.
• Positive feedback loops reinforce the change in variable, resulting in more of the product.
• Cells that are directly next to one another can use an electrical signal to communicate, while chemical messengers are more versatile and can be used by cells directly next to one another or cells far away from one another.
• Negative feedback loops respond to changes in a variable by decreasing the change in variable, bringing the body back to its normal state.
• Cells of the body communicate with one another through chemicals or through electricity to maintain homeostasis.
• A nerve cell will stimulate a muscle cell by releasing chemical messengers into the space surrounding the muscle cells, leading to a contraction in the muscle, which is an example of how cells communicate.
• Gradients exist whenever there is one area that has more of something than the other, such as nutrient exchange, respiration, and formation of urine, which are all driven by gradients.
• There are different types of gradients: temperature gradients, concentration gradients, and pressure gradients, which can be hydrostatic or osmotic.
• All living things should be composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.
• In biology, superior means toward the head, which is why this term is sometimes called cranial.
• Superficial in biology means closer to the surface of the body, while deep refers to structures farther away from the surface of the body.
• The anatomy composition is the frame of reference used in science and in the medical field, with the body standing up straight, shoulders and feet width apart, upper limbs and sides of the trunk and hidden palms facing forward.
• Medial in biology means closer to the midline of the body, while lateral means farther away from the midline of the body.
• Inferior in superior terms is used to reference positions on the head, neck, and trunk, while proximal and distal are used to reference positions on the limbs.
• Even the sub regions can be divided into smaller regions.
• Planes of section are standard ways of dividing the body and/or body parts to examine its inside structure, with three main planes being the sagittal plane, frontal plane, and transverse plane.
• Atoms combine to form molecules, which combine to form cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
• The body can be divided into two main regions: the axial region which consists of the head, neck, and trunk, and the appendicular region which consists of the upper and lower limbs.
• All living organisms should be able to metabolize, which can build up as anabolic metabolism or break down as catabolic metabolism.
• All living things should be able to excrete waste products that are no longer needed in the body.
• All living organisms should be able to grow in cell size or number.
• All living organisms should be able to respond to environmental changes known as stimuli.
• All living organisms should be able to move or have movement within them, whether it's their cells that are moving or their flow of blood.
• All living organisms should be able to reproduce cells to replace old ones, a process known as mitosis.
• All living organisms should also be able to reproduce similar offspring, a process known as meiosis.
• The levels of structural organization can be looked at as stair steps, starting off small and gradually getting bigger, with the top of the stair steps representing a fully functioning organism.
• The chemical level is the smallest level in the levels of structural organization.
• The body can be organized into different cavities, which are any spaces inside of the human body that are filled with fluid, to protect our organs so they can function properly.
• The dorsal cavity has two subtypes: the cranial cavity of the skull, which protects the brain, and the spinal cavity located in the vertebral column, which protects the spinal cord.
• The oblique plane, which is less frequently used than the other planes, is taken at an angle and is mainly used when examining structures inside of the knee.
• The transverse plane, also known as the horizontal plane or cross section, divides the superior and inferior part of the body in half and can divide the limbs into proximal and distal parts.
• The ventral body cavity has two main subdivisions separated by a dome-shaped muscle called the diaphragm: the thoracic cavity, which encloses the thorax area, and the abdominal pelvic cavity, which surrounds the abdomen and the pelvis.
• The frontal plane or the coronal plane divides the body or body parts into anterior and posterior sections.