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• Functions of the Muscular System include movement of the body, maintenance of posture, maintenance of muscle tone, production of body heat, communication, constriction of organ and vessels, and contraction of the heart.
• General Properties of Muscular System include contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity, and muscle fiber structure.
• Taste buds are the sensory structure that detects taste.
• Taste buds are located on the surface of certain papillae which are enlargements of the tongue.
• There are 5 types of taste sensation: Sour.
• Each taste bud is composed of two types of cells: Specialized epithelial cells forming the exterior supporting capsule and 40 taste cells with hairlike processes called taste hairs that extend to the tiny opening called taste pore.
• Taste buds are also distributed throughout the mouth and pharynx.
• Skeletal muscle is called skeletal muscle because of its attachment to the skeletal system and is also called striated muscle due to the presence of transverse bands or striation.
• Below normal blood glucose level causes the nervous system to malfunction because it is the main source of energy.
• When blood glucose level is low, it will result in the breakdown of lipids and protein to produce an alternative energy source.
• Blood glucose must be maintained in normal range.
• There are three cell types in the islet of Langerhans: Alpha cells which secrete glucagon, Beta cells which secrete insulin, and Delta cells which secrete somatostatins.
• The endocrine part of the pancreas is the islet of Langerhans which are dispersed throughout the exocrine portion of the pancreas.
• The functions of the pancreas are related to glucose metabolism.
• Skeletal muscle constitutes 40% of the total body weight and is covered by a connective tissue sheath called the epimysium or muscular fascia.
• The anaerobic threshold marks the highest exercise intensity without significant blood pH change.
• Body temperature elevation stimulates ventilation due to increased metabolism.
• Hering - Breuer Reflex limits the depth of inspiration, preventing lung overinflation.
• Stretch receptors in the bronchi and bronchioles initiate action potentials, inhibiting the respiratory center.
• Voluntary control from the cerebral cortex influences respiratory rate.
• Exercise, both voluntary and involuntary, modifies respiratory rate.
• Higher brain centers control reflexes like sneezing and coughing.
• Emotional states via the limbic system can affect respiratory center activity.
• The connective tissue sheath that forms the outer covering of the muscle is further subdivided into numerous bundles called fascicles.
• Perimysium is a loose connective tissue that separates fascicle from each other and each fascicle is subdivided to each muscle fiber.
• Endomysium is a loose connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fiber.
• A single cylindrical cell with several nuclei located at its periphery is the muscle fiber structure.
• Cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by cerebellar peduncles which provide routes of communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain.
• Olling pupil diameter and lens shape contain black nuclear mass called substantia nigra which is part of the basal nuclei and is involved in regulating general body movement.
• Cerebellum involves in participating with the cerebrum in learning motor skills such as playing the piano.
• Cerebellum functions in proprioception, comparing information about the intended movement from the motor cortex to sensory information from the moving structure and when a difference is detected it will send signals to the motor cortex to correct the discrepancy which will result in a coordinated movement.
• Reticular formation is a major component of the Reticular Activating System RAS which plays an important role in arousing and maintaining consciousness and in regulating the sleep-wake cycle.
• General anesthetics suppress the Reticular Activating System RAS, which can result in coma.
• Reticular formation is a group of nuclei that are scattered throughout the brainstem and plays an important role in regulatory functions particularly involve in cyclical motor functions such as respiration, walking and chewing.
• The length of a muscle fiber ranges from 1 to 30 cm and its diameter is 0.15mm.
• Target tissues or effectors are specific sites where hormones exert response.
• The functions of the endocrine system include metabolism, control of food intake and digestion, tissue development, ion regulation, water balance, heart rate and blood pressure regulation, control of blood glucose and other nutrients, and control of reproductive functions.
• The endocrine system controls the development and functions of the reproductive systems of males and females.
• The endocrine system controls the production and functions of the immune cells.
• Hormones affect cells that are distant from their source.