Blood composition and functions

• What is blood defined as?

  A complex fluid circulating in the body
• What is the function of neutrophils?

  Phagocytosis
• What is the appearance of lymphocytes?

  Round nucleus
• What is plasma?

  A pale yellow liquid
• What does plasma contain?

  Water, proteins, glucose, and ions
• What is the role of electrolytes in plasma?

  Regulate body fluids and nerve impulses
• What are the main types of white blood cells shown in the image?

  • Monocyte
  • Lymphocyte
  • Neutrophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
• What is the classification of granulocytes including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

  Classified according to membrane-bound granules in cytoplasm
• What are the subtypes of leukocytes and their functions?

  • Different subtypes target specific threats
  • Specialized functions in fighting infection
• How does plasma help maintain blood pH?

  By regulating optimal enzyme function
• What is the appearance of erythrocytes?

  Red discs
• What substances are transported by blood?

  • Oxygen
  • Nutrients (e.g., glucose)
  • Hormones
  • Waste products (e.g., carbon dioxide)
• What is the function of platelets?

  Blood clotting
• What are the types of blood cells and their functions?

  • Erythrocytes: Oxygen transport
  • Neutrophils: Phagocytosis
  • Lymphocytes: Immune response
  • Platelets: Blood clotting
• What organ releases insulin into the blood?

  Pancreas
• What is the main function of eosinophils?

  Phagocytic cells; particularly effective with antigen-antibody complexes. Release antihistamines. Increase in allergies and parasitic infections
• What are the main substances transported by plasma and their purposes?

  • Nutrients (glucose, amino acids): Fuel and building blocks for cells
  • Electrolytes (sodium, potassium): Regulate body fluids and nerve impulses
  • Hormones: Chemical messengers that coordinate body functions
  • Antibodies: Defense proteins that fight off infections
  • Waste products (carbon dioxide, urea): Excreted by kidneys and lungs
• What is the main function of neutrophils?

  Phagocytic; particularly effective against bacteria. Release cytotoxic chemicals from granules
• What is the role of insulin in the body?

  It allows body cells to take up glucose
• How do the pancreas and liver work together to regulate blood glucose levels?

  The pancreas releases insulin and glucagon, while the liver takes up glucose and stores/releases it as glycogen
• How do the shapes of the different white blood cells relate to their functions?

  • Neutrophils have a segmented nucleus to allow them to squeeze through tissues
  • Eosinophils and basophils have granules to store and release chemicals
  • Lymphocytes have a large, round nucleus to accommodate their genetic material
  • Monocytes are larger to engulf pathogens and cellular debris
• What occurs when blood glucose levels fall?

  The pancreas releases glucagon
• What are the two main hormones involved in regulating blood glucose levels?

  • Insulin (released by pancreas)
  • Glucagon (released by pancreas)
• If a person's blood glucose level rises, what will happen?

  The pancreas will release insulin
• What does glucagon prompt the liver to do?

  Break down glycogen back into glucose
• What is the process of maintaining blood glucose levels through negative feedback?

  • Blood glucose rises:
  • Pancreas releases insulin
  • Liver stores glucose as glycogen
  • Body cells absorb more glucose
  • Blood glucose falls:
  • Pancreas releases glucagon
  • Liver breaks down glycogen into glucose
• What effect does insulin have on the liver?

  Triggers storage of glucose as glycogen
• How does the body maintain homeostasis of blood glucose levels?

  • Pancreas releases insulin when blood glucose rises
  • Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen
  • When blood glucose falls, pancreas releases glucagon
  • Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose
• What happens to body cells when insulin is released?

  They absorb more glucose