FA1 review (Statistics)

• Statistics 


  The collection of data, analyzation of data, organizing, and interpreting a large amount of data
• State Arithmetic (Before 17th Century)


  Statistics was used for counting soldiers, taxes, number of deaths, resources. It was inferential and there is no conclusion made with these numbers.
• 17th Century 


  Statistics was used for gambling. The 1st study of probability was made by Bernoulli and De Moivre. Abraham De Moivre developed the equation for the normal curve.
• 18th Century (Quetet)


  Applied statistics to investigation of social and education problems. Developed statistical theory as a general method of research applied to observational science.
• 18th Century (Francis Galton)


  Introduced the use of statistics in social sciences. Introduction of correlation. Developed centiles or percentiles
• 18th Century (Karl Pearson)


  Collaborated with Galton. Created correlation and regression formulas. Created Pearson's r
• 20th Century (Ronald Fisher)


  The father of modern statistics. He had major contributions in small-simple theory. Introduced the utility of Fisher's method. The inventor of various statistical tests such as ANOVA.
• Modern Times


  Statistics is used as a major methodological toolof research workers in social sciences
• History of Statistics

  1. State Arithmetic (Before 17th century)
  2. 17th Century
  3. 18th Century
  4. 20th Century
  5. Modern Times
• Population


  The complete set of individuals, subjects, or scores that are being studied.
• Sample 


  The subset of the population. A smaller group to represent the population.
• Sampling Error


  Naturally occurring discrepancy or error that exists between a sample statistics and the corresponding population parameter. They are unpredictable and unsystematic. Choosing the correct sampling technique can reduce these.
• Sampling Techniques:

  • Probability
  • Non-probability
• Probability Sampling Techniques:

  • Simple Random Sampling
  • Stratified Random Sampling
  • Systematic Random Sampling
  • Cluster Random Sampling
• Non-probability Sampling Techniques:

  • Purposive Sampling
  • Convenience Sampling
  • Quota Sampling
  • Snowball Sampling
• Variable


  Any property or characteristic of an event, object, or person that may have different value at different times depending on conditions.
• Types of Variables:

  • Independent Variable
  • Dependent Variable
  • Constant Variable
• Data


  The measurements made.
• Parameter


  Calculated from the population. Looks at the characteristics of the population.
• Areas of Statistics:

  • Descriptive Statistics
  • Inferential Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics


  It describes the data. It involves central tendency, variability, standard scores, and the normal curve.
• Inferential Statistics


  Here you create inferences and draw conclusions. Uses t-test and ANOVA.
• Methods of Psychological Research

  • Quantitative Research
  • Qualitative Reserach
• Individual Variables (Quantitative Research Design)


  Describe individual variables as they exist naturally.
• Correlational Method (Quantitative Research Design)


  Measuring two or more variables for each individual. This has no cause and effect.
• Independent and Dependent Variable (Experimental Research)


  The independent variable is the cause then the Dependent variable is the effect.
• Control Group and Experimental Group (Experimental Research)


  Experimental group receives treatment while the control group does not receive any treatment.
• Random Selection (Experimental Research)


  Everyone in the population has equal chance to participate in the research.
• Random Assignment (Experimental Research)


  Participants assigned to different groups based on chance.
• Independent Variable


  It is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the cause.
• Dependent Variable


  Measures to determine the effect of the independent variable. This may depend on the independent variable.
• Purpose of Statistics 


  To aid in the scientific evaluation of truth assertions.
• Ronald Fisher


  The father of modern statistics