PHILO sem1

• Freedom

  • The ability to make choices and perform those choices.
  •  The ability to be what we want and to decide and create oneself.
• Freedom itself

  • According to Merriam Dictionary, it is the quality or state of being free.
  • The power or right to act, speak, and change as one wants without hindrance.
  • Giving oneself one’s own laws.
• Free will

  • allows us to decide on things we do depending on the situation. 
  • It is our ability to choose between two different possible courses of action, independently. 
  • Simply put it, free will is our ability to choose things according to our moral reasoning.
• Physical freedom refers to the absence of any physical restraint. 

  • The person has the freedom of mobility to go where he or she wants to go. 
  • Granted that the person has natural limitations, physical freedom allows him or her to act and move in determined manner. 
  • You cannot be everywhere at once, but your freedom allows you to move one place to another and to go whenever you want to go.
• Psychological freedom is also called freedom of choice. 

  • The person is free to perform actions that he or she considers right and wise. 
  • A person is also free to act or not to act. Psychological freedom is innate and cannot be denied to a person. 
  • No outside force or influence can compel a person to act against his or her will.
• Moral freedom refers to using freedom in a manner that upholds human dignity and goodness.
• 1. Voluntariness 

  • It is the ability of a person to act of his or her own free will and self-determination. 
  • A person may decide to do things or not to do it according to his own free will. 
  • It also means that even though she/he is not required to do such things he/she could still do it or act on it.
• 2. Responsibility 

  • refers to the person being accountable for his or her action and their consequences.
  • Taking responsibility can mean either you take responsibility to your action voluntarily or other people will hold you responsible.
• Prudence 

  • Is the ability to govern and discipline oneself with the use of reason; it is having caution and giving good judgments in making decisions. 
• Self-reflection 

  • Allows us to be more rational in making choices, because sometimes human beings tend to be slaves by their emotions and moods whenever they act certain things. 
  • As free beings, exercising our freedom responsibly is very important. 
  • It requires us to reflect on the actions that we are going to make by considering its possible effects and the benefits it has to the people affected by it.
• Freedom should be exercised with control and reasonable limits 

  • As humans, we enjoy freedom, but we need to understand that it is not absolute. 
• Freedom should be exercised with regard for knowledge and truth

  • As a rational beings, it is natural for us to think before we act. 
  • We use our freedom to acquire knowledge, which in turn are useful in making right and sound decisions essential in dealing with our life situations.
• Freedom should be exercised to uphold the freedom of others

  • Freedom is recognized and guaranteed right for all persons. 
  • Meaning, freedom should be enjoyed by all. 
  • But it is important to remember that freedom should be exercised not as a tool to restrict the freedom of others, but to enable others to fully enjoy their own freedom.
• 1. HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY

  • Is the earliest and simplest form of society and is generally recognized by its small size, since it consists mainly of families.
  • They spend most of their time searching for food.
  • They are considered as nomadic, no permanent territory.
• 2. PASTORAL SOCIETY

  • Is characterized by the domestication of animals served as a source for food supply. 
  • Compared to hunting and gathering society, this form of society has a larger population and remains in one place
  • They also produce surplus food and resources which they trade with other societies forming meaningful bonds.
  • This relative prosperity enables the people to engage in other activities apart from those necessary for survival.
  • Such as handicrafts which eventually leads to the emergence of specialized task in the community. 
• 3. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

  • Engages in the small-scale cultivation of plants, fruits and vegetables and the domestication of animals.
  • Semi-nomadic, which means that they travel to another place when there is shortage of the resources in one area.
• 4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY

  • Involves in a large-scale and long-term cultivation of crops and domestication of animals.
  • Characterized by improved technology and usage of tools to aid in farming which results in increase production giving rise to a growing population in agricultural societies.
• 5. FEUDAL SOCIETY

  • Is based on the ownership of land.
  • Its members are organized based on status which consists of higher class/rules (people who own land) vassals/follower (granted a right to manage a land), a peasants (workers who cultivate the land and tend the animals in exchange of military protection).
• 6. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

  • Is based on the use of specialized machinery in the production of goods and services. 
  • The emergence of new production and industrial methods along with innovations in transportation and communication are results from the advances of science and technology in the late 18th century.
• 7. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

  • Emerged by the establishment of societies based on knowledge, information, and the sale of services.
  • Virtual society arises where people organize themselves through communication technology and internet. 
  • This society is composed of members with higher educational attainment, better training and specialized roles.
• NORMS

  • A set of traits and behavior that society considers acceptable, thus to be encouraged to pass unto other members.
  • (Ex. Pagmamano: Filipino’s unique gestures to greet and show respect to elders) 
• LAWS

  • More formal and stringent norms that establish and define acceptable behavior of citizens.
  • (Ex. Using of pedestrian lanes when crossing streets)
• FOLKWAYS

  • Less formal norms that arise from tradition and do not result in punishment when violated.
  • (Ex. Concept of appropriate swimwear, others might wear T-shirt and shorts, others might wear bikini)
• SOCIAL SYSTEM

  • Organized or patterned set of relationships among individuals and groups that compose a society.
• SOCIAL ROLES

  • Actions and behaviors expected of a certain individual.
• SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

  • Certain groups that perform vital functions in society which includes the family, school, government and religion.
• SOCIAL VALUES

  • Actions or ideals that are considered vital in maintaining an orderly society.
  • (Ex. Cooperation, concern for others, obedience of the law, respect for diversity.
• Doing Philososphy key elements in many educational reforms is diversity.Diversity is the difference that make seach person unique. ( biology,ethnicity, and culture, family life,beliefs, geography ,experiences, andreligion)
• Philo meaning to LOVE and Sophia meaning WISDOM
• Philosophy originally meant, love of wisdom, and in abroad sense, wisdom is still the goal of philosophy.
• Philosophy is also defined as the science that bynatural light of reason studies the first causes andhighest principle of all things.
• Philosophy of Art - Aesthetics is the branch of Philosophy which deals with beauty and what makes things “beautiful”.
• Logic is branch of philosophy which deals with correct reasoning.
• Epistemology – Theory of knowledge discusses the nature of knowledge and knowing.
• Ethics is the branch which deals with moral questions and dilemmas.
• Political Philosophy studies governments and deals with questions of justice, power and the  rights and obligations of citizens. 
• Metaphysics is a branch of philosophy which deals with questions regarding reality and existence.
• Philosophy of the Human Person is an area in philosophy that understand the human person from a philosophical perspective.
• Philosophy of the Human Person is an area in philosophy that understand the human person from a philosophical perspective.
• Philosophy of Religion meaning and nature of religion