Year 9

• Distillation is the separation of solute from solutions, heat (evaporate), condense (into distillate)
• Diffusion - particles spreading from high to low conc
• Dilution - extra particles reducing conc
• Dissolving - particles mixing into liquid
• Chromatography - inks separate (some more reactive)
• Rf value = distance ink travelled

  --------------------

  Distance water travelled
• Stem cells definition - cells that can divide to produce more cells of the same type and differentiate (become specialized/become any cell)
• Stem cells made from
• Stem cells can - take place of old cells to repair damage
• Osmosis - diffusion of water from high to low conc through a semi-permeable membrane
• Active transport - works against conc gradient uses energy (mitrochondria)
• Prokaryotic- bacteria

  No nucleus (DNA in single loop)

  No organelles

  Plasmids (extra genes - absorb DNA from enviroment by touching them)

  Very small
• Eukaryotic- animals, plants etc

  Nucleus (several DNA strands - chromosomes)

  Organelles

  Small
• Nucleus - animal and plant contains DNA
• Cell membrane - animal and plant cells

  Controls what enters and leaves
• Cytoplasm - animal and plant cells

  Chemical reactions take place here
• Mitochondria - animal and plant cells

  Releases food from glucose
• Cell wall - plants only

  Provides structure and support
• Vacuous- animal and plant cells

  Stores cell sapphire, pushes contents against cell wall (turgid)
• Chloroplast - plants only

  Photosynthesis, has chlorophyll
• Ribosomes - makes protein
• Plasmids - only in bacteria

  Extra DNA
• Isotonic point- no net movement
• Enzymes - protein (speeds up chemical reactions), lower activation
• Catalyst - substance increases rate of chemical reactions, without undergoing permanent change
• Substrate - molecule acted upon by an enzyme
• Induced fit - Enzymes change shape to fit around substrate
• Locke and key - substrate and enzyme fit together
• Starch test - iodine

  Red/brown -> blue/black
• Protein test - biuret

  Blue -> mauve
• Lipid test - ethanol, shake, water, shake

  Clear -> milky/cloudy
• Sugar test - benedicts solution, boil

  Blue -> red
• CORMMSS

  change (independant), organism, repeat, measure, measure (dependant), same, same (controlled)
• Peristalsis - circular muscles in oesophagus
• Villi - increase SA

  network of blood capillaries

  Leacteal for absorbing fats
• Adaption of small intestine:

  villi walls are one cell thick - increase absorption

  Very long - more space to absorb

  Villi have good blood supply- transport glucose and amino acids

  Villi and microfilming- increase SA
• Small intestine

  Lipase - digest lipids into glycerol + fatty acids

  Protease - digest protein

  Pancreatic amylase- digest starch

  Absorb nutrients into blood stream via diffusion
• Rectum - stores faeces (fibre)
• Large intestine

  Absorbs water and minerals
• Amylase

  Starch -> maltose

  Long strands -> short strands