Gender bias

• What do psychologists aim to discover about human behavior?

  General laws that are objective and universal
• Why might bias be an inevitable part of the research process?

  Psychologists are influenced by their social context
• How does gender bias affect psychological research?

  It may misrepresent experiences of different genders
• What is bias in the context of human behavior?

  A tendency to treat individuals differently
• What is gender bias?

  A view that misrepresents experiences of genders
• What did Freud argue about gender differences?

  Anatomy is destiny, leading to psychological differences
• How are women's emotions often explained in psychological research?

  In terms of hormones like premenstrual syndrome
• What does androcentrism mean?

  Being centered on the male viewpoint
• How has psychology traditionally been viewed in terms of gender?

  Produced by men, for men, and about men
• What are alpha and beta bias in gender research?

  Alpha bias exaggerates differences; beta bias minimizes them
• What does alpha bias typically present about gender differences?

  Differences as fixed, inevitable, and devaluing women
• What is castration anxiety according to Freud?

  A fear boys have during the phallic stage
• How does Freud view girls' identification with their mothers?

  Weaker than boys' identification with their fathers
• What is the tend and befriend response proposed by Taylor et al.?

  A response to stress involving social alliances
• What hormonal changes occur in women during stress according to Taylor et al.?

  Oxytocin levels increase, promoting tend and befriend
• What is a common issue with social influence research?

  It often studies male participants only
• What did Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) find about gender differences?

  Girls have superior verbal ability; boys spatial skills
• What did Joel et al. (2015) find regarding brain structure differences?

  No significant sex differences in brain structure
• What caution should be taken regarding biological findings in gender research?

  Results may reflect social stereotypes, not biology
• What did Ingalhalikar et al. (2014) suggest about female brains?

  Better connections between hemispheres for multitasking
• How does sexism manifest in the research process?

  Women are underrepresented in university departments
• What impact does male researcher bias have on findings?

  It can reduce the validity of research results
• What is publication bias in gender research?

  Research on gender bias is less likely published
• What did Fanelli et al. (2018) find about gender bias research?

  It is less funded and published in prestigious journals
• What are some ways to reduce gender bias in research?

  • Be aware of gender bias issues
  • Researchers should be reflexive
  • Include participants of both sexes
  • Clarify conclusions when using single-sex samples
• What are the implications of gender bias in psychological research?

  • Misrepresentation of gender experiences
  • Reduced validity of findings
  • Promotion of stereotypes
  • Underrepresentation of women in academia