Culture bias

• What percentage of studies reviewed by Henrich et al. (2010) were from the US?

  68%
• What percentage of studies reviewed by Henrich et al. (2010) were from industrialized nations?

  90%
• What does Henrich et al. (2010) suggest about human behavior?

  It has a strong cultural bias
• What is the aim of psychologists regarding human behavior?

  To establish universal laws governing behavior
• What does the acronym WEIRD stand for in psychology?

  Westernized, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic
• What are the implications of studying WEIRD populations?

  • Overlooks cultural diversity
  • Non-WEIRD behaviors may seem abnormal
  • Can lead to biased research outcomes
• What is ethnocentrism in psychology?

  Judging other cultures by one's own standards
• How did Ainsworth's Strange Situation demonstrate ethnocentrism?

  It was developed in America and applied elsewhere
• What did Ainsworth's research find about German and Japanese children?

  Different rates of insecure attachment behaviors
• What does social influence research reveal about cultural bias?

  Results differ across individualistic and collectivist cultures
• How do definitions of abnormality vary across cultures?

  Western definitions may not apply universally
• What did Rack (1984) claim about African-Caribbean diagnoses in Britain?

  Normal behaviors misdiagnosed as mental illness
• What is cultural relativism?

  • Norms and values are culture-specific
  • Behaviors understood within social contexts
  • Rejects universal standards for behavior
• What is the difference between etic and emic approaches in psychology?

  Etic is outsider perspective; emic is insider
• What is an imposed etic?

  Applying findings from one culture universally
• What did Smith and Bond (1993) find about conformity in collectivist cultures?

  Higher conformity rates
• How can cultural bias be reduced in research?

  By considering cultural relativism and emic approaches
• What are some solutions to reduce cultural bias in psychology?

  • Embrace cultural psychology
  • Adopt Afrocentrism
  • Use local researchers for emic approaches
• What did Gould (1981) find about early IQ tests?

  They led to eugenic policies based on bias
• How did early IQ tests demonstrate cultural bias?

  Items favored Western cultural knowledge
• What is the impact of culture bias on ethnic groups?

  Justifies prejudice and discrimination
• What is the relationship between relativism and universality in psychology?

  • Cross-cultural research challenges individualism
  • Universal behaviors exist alongside cultural variations
  • Both perspectives are needed for understanding