vikrims bhscoo5

• What is anabolism?

  Building up molecules in the body
• What is catabolism?

  Breaking down molecules for energy
• What is metabolism?

  All chemical reactions in the body
• What causes a goitre?

  Hypo or hyperthyroidism conditions
• What is the primary cause of goitre in the West?

  Autoimmune causes
• What hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

  T3 and T4 thyroid hormones
• How does T3 compare to T4?

  T3 is less abundant but more potent
• What is the role of thyroxine?

  Boosts metabolism through various effects
• What is congenital hypothyroidism?

  A condition detected in neonatal screening
• What causes acquired hypothyroidism?

  Autoimmune disorders like Hashimoto disease
• What are the effects of hypothyroidism?

  Low BMR, weight gain, fatigue, slow reflexes
• What is the typical treatment for hypothyroidism?

  Daily hormone replacement tablets like Levothyroxine
• What is hyperthyroidism?

  Oversecretion of thyroxine
• What autoimmune disorder is associated with hyperthyroidism?

  Grave's disease
• What are the effects of hyperthyroidism?

  Increased BMR, perspiration, weight loss
• What is a common treatment for hyperthyroidism?

  Oral radioactive iodine
• What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

  Congenital lack of liver enzyme
• How common is PKU?

  Affects 1 in 10,000 individuals
• What is the heel prick test used for?

  To detect elevated blood phenylalanine levels
• What are the effects of untreated PKU?

  Brain damage and learning difficulties
• How is PKU treated?

  Life-long low-protein diet
• What are the types of diabetes?

  Type 1, Type 2, Gestational diabetes
• What is Type 1 diabetes?

  Autoimmune attack managed with insulin
• What is Type 2 diabetes?

  Metabolic disorder with pharmacological therapy
• What is gestational diabetes?

  Transient condition during pregnancy
• What is diabetes mellitus?

  A group of disorders/syndrome
• What is the prevalence of diabetes in the UK?

  Over 3.9 million diagnosed in 2019
• What are the chief effects of diabetes mellitus?

  Loss of carbohydrate tolerance and metabolism changes
• What are normal blood glucose levels?

  4-8 mmol/l (70-100 mg/100ml)
• What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

  Increases glucose transporter proteins in membranes
• What is the main glucose transporter protein in skeletal muscle?

  GLUT-4
• What is prediabetes?

  Blood glucose levels higher than normal
• What tests are used to diagnose prediabetes?

  Impaired fasting glucose and glucose tolerance tests
• What does HbA1c measure?

  Average blood sugar levels over 12 weeks
• What are normal HbA1c levels?

  Up to 41 mmol/mol (below 6.0%)
• What is Type 1 diabetes mellitus?

  Chronic immune-mediated disorder destroying beta-cells
• What environmental triggers may affect Type 1 diabetes?

  Infectious agents, nutritional, or chemical factors
• What is Type 2 diabetes characterized by?

  Insulin resistance at target tissues
• What is a common treatment for Type 2 diabetes?

  Diet and drug therapy
• What is the risk factor for Type 2 diabetes?

  Central adiposity and metabolic abnormalities