Chapter 10

• Nutrigenetics

  How an individual’s genetic differences (genetic polymorphisms) affect the utilization and response to nutrients in foods
• Nutrigenomics the study of the effects of food and food constituents on gene expression
• When did the human genome sequence become available? 2003
• How many different proteins are there in the human genome? 21,000
• What percentage of the genome codes for proteins?

  1%
• During mitosis both members of all pairs of chromosomes are copied
• During meiosis only 1 member of each pair of chromosomes is copied: development of gametes: egg and sperm
• What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

  Adenine

  Thymine

  Guanine

  Cytosine

  Uracil
• Nucleotides consist of what 3 components?

  Sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.
• How many base pairs does chromosome 10 have?

  135,000,000
• How many steps are there to translate the Message from DNA to Molecule

  Step 1 Transcription, Step 2 Translation
• heterozygous

  alleles from each parent differ from each other
• Homozygous

  alleles from both parents are a match
• Acetylation: enzymes called histone acetyltransferases attach acetyl groups to histones
• 8 foods high in folate

  avocado, papya, oranges, brussel sprouts, okra, bell peppers, seeds/nuts, beets
• Histone modification is the addition or removal of methyl groups from histones.
• 3 components of histone modification: acetylation, phosphorylation methylation
• What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA? Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
• What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA? Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil
• autosominal dominant disorders are caused by a single gene mutation that is inherited from one parent
• autosominal recessive

  both parents may have the gene mutation and there is a 25% chance the child will develop it
• What are single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and how might it impact a genetic trait? Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are variations in a single nucleotide base within a DNA sequence. They can impact a genetic trait by altering protein function, gene expression, or regulatory elements.
• What is epigenetic regulation? Acetylation of one of the bases or a histone protein