chemistry

• anions are negatively charged ions
• cations are positively charged ions
• ions are formed because atoms want 8 valence electrons
• the particles that change the charge in atoms when ions are formed are called electrons
• The number of protons is equal to the atomic number.
• Isotopes are atoms that contain the same number of protons but differing amounts of neutrons.
• an atom becomes negative when it gains electrons
• group 17 always has ions with a charge of -1
• elements on the LEFT side of the periodic table are more reactive than elements on the RIGHT side and will most likely form positive ions
• elements form bonds to become stable by getting a full valence shell
• the noble gases have a full outer electron shell, so they do not react easily
• covalent bonding occurs between non-metals
• ionic bonding occurs between metals and non-metals
• the minimum amount of energy needed for a substance to react is called activation energy
• the collision theory is a chemical reaction that can only occur between particles when they collide
• litmus paper turns red when acidic and blue when alkaline
• a catalyst is a substance that increases the rates of a reaction without being used up during the rate of a reaction
• exothermics release heat, while endothermics absorb heat
• an inhibitor is a substance that slows down or stops a chemical reaction
• the pH of a neutral solution is 7
• an oxidation state is a set of small numbers useful in writing formulas of compounds
• polyatomic ions consists of two or more atoms that are covalently bonded and can be considered to behave like a single ion
• some metals are multivalent metals, which means that they can form more than one type of ion, each having more than one charge
• when naming a compound that contains a multivalent ion, you must include a roman numeral to show which charge the ion has
• the correct formula for copper (II) is Cu2+
• a single replacement happens when one element trades places with another element in a compound
• decomposition happens when a single compound breaks down into two or more products
• synthesis takes place when two or more reactants combine to form one new product
• double displacement occurs when the anions and cations of two different molecules switch places, forming two entirely different compounds
• combustion happens when oxygen combines with another compound to form water and carbon dioxide
• neutralization is a special kind of double displacement where an acid base react with each other
• the correct formula for copper (I) sulfate is Cu2SO4
• the chemical formula for iron (III) bromide is FeBr2
• the proper chemical formula for combining Al2+ and Cl- is AlCl2
• the name of the ionic compound of LiNO3 is lithium nitrate
• the name of the ionic compound of NaF is sodium fluoride
• the name of the ionic compound of CaCO3 is calcium carbonate
• the name of the ionic compound of MgO is magnesium oxide
• the name of the ionic compound of Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide