module 6

• Bilabials are consonant sounds produced by using both lips

  together.
• Labiodentals are also pretty straightforward; they are

  articulated by using both the lower lip and the upper front

  teeth.
• Lingua-dental -Articulated by the tongue and teeth.
• Lingua-alveolar

  The front of the tongue articulates with the domed part of the hard palate.
• Lingua-velar

  Articulated by the tongue and soft palate (velum)
• Lingua Palatal

  Articulated by the tongue and hard palate
• Glottal

  The vocal folds are brought together; in some cases, the

  function of the vocal folds can be part of articulation as well

  as phonation, as in the case of [ʔ] and [h] in many

  languages.
• Oral stops have stop stricture and have a closed velum (i.e. no

  nasal airflow). Oral stops are sometimes referred to as "plosives"

  or simply as "stops".
• Nasal stops have stop stricture and have an open velum

  (i.e. nasal airflow and nasal resonance). Nasal stops are

  very often referred to simply as "nasals".
• Fricatives

  Fricatives are consonants with fricative stricture. Many systems

  include central and lateral fricatives in the same manner

  category (but the IPA Pulmonic Consonant chart and the chart

  below separates them).
• Affricates are commonly described as a complex

  combination of stop plus fricative. Affricates can also be

  considered to represent one extreme end of a continuum of

  stop aspiration.
• Approximants are consonants with approximant stricture, although

  some approximants also commonly display resonant stricture.
• Voicing can refer to the articulatory process in which

  the vocal folds vibrate and its primary use in

  phonetics to describe phones, which are particular

  speech sounds.
• Voiceless Consonants

  • (Vocal cords do not vibrate)
• Voiced Consonants

  • (Vocal cords vibrate)
• Voice is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech

  sounds (usually consonants). It is also called “Voicing”. Speech sounds can

  be described as either voiceless or voiced.
• • Variations in Intensity : We produce voicing with high intensity for shouting,

  for example, and with low intensity for speaking quietly.
• Variations in Frequency : If the vocal folds vibrate rapidly, the voicing is at high frequency
• Variations in Quality : We can produce different sounding voice qualities,

  such as those we might call harsh, breathy, murmured, or creaky.