BIOCHEM

• Ex vincristine and vinblastine are chemotherapeutic drugs that prevent the synthesis of microtubules.
• The major function of microtubules is to form the spindle fiber.
• Thin filaments are composed of mainly ACTIN, the most abundant protein in the eukaryotic cell.
• The basic actin unit is known as G- (globular actin) polypeptide 7.
• Intermediate filaments are the intermediate unit of cytoskeleton, with a diameter of 7-11 nm.
• T-sachs disease is a genetic problem wherein it has one missing lysosomal enzyme.
• Cytosol is the fluid component inside the cell together with the dissolve substances.
• Zellweger Spectrum Disorders (ZSDs), also known as Zellweger syndrome, neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy, infantile Refsum disease, and Heimler syndrome, are a group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by a defect in peroxisome formation and are caused by mutations in one of 13 PEX genes.
• Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (rich in acid hydrolases).
• There are enzymes that destroy hydrogen peroxide: catalase and peroxidase.
• Microtubules are the largest unit of cytoskeleton, with a diameter of 25 nm and are widely distributed.
• Cytoskeleton consists of three types of structure made up of filamentous proteins that serve as the bone and muscle of eukaryotic cells, regulate cell division, and the microtubule, tubulin, actin are part of cytoskeleton.
• When SA is removed in the lysosome, there would be an accumulation of lipids ganglioside GMT wherein it will go to the nerves and destroy them.
• Peroxisomes also contain a lot of digestive enzymes, with the most prominent being the catalase, which decomposes hydrogen peroxide.
• Microfilaments are the smallest unit of cytoskeleton, with a diameter of 5 nm.
• Tubulin is a dimer, consisting of alpha and beta chains, that support and give shape to microtubules.
• Peroxisomes contain enzymes that oxidize D-amino acids, alpha-hydroxy fatty acids and long chain fatty acids, to produce hydrogen peroxide.
• The outer membrane of the nucleus is rough due to ribosomes.
• The main difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes is the presence of NUCLEUS.
• Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that include bacteria and cyanobacteria.
• Inside the body, there is a high degree of orderliness due to the existence of cell specialization within the different organs of the body.
• Eukaryotes are more complex organisms that can be multicellular or single-celled.
• Outside the body, when sucrose is added with water it will not produce ATP.
• The nucleolus is the site of ribosome assembly.
• Inside the body, when a large amount of sugar is taken it will not stay in the body as sugar but it will be broken down by the enzyme into monosaccharide which will be absorbed in the body and will go to the cell in the mitochondria and will become ATP.
• The nuclear envelope is a double membrane with a nuclear pore that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
• The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has two forms: the rough ER which has ribosomes on its surface and secretes proteins into the cytoplasm, and the smooth ER which lacks ribosomes and plays a role in lipid synthesis and calcium sequestration and release.
• Chromatin is a DNA/protein complex containing genes.
• The cell nucleus is the most conspicuous organelle in the cell, housing the cell's chromosomes, and is the place where almost all DNA replication and RNA synthesis occur.
• Nuclear pores are large holes containing protein that control the exit of substances such as mRNA.
• The colloidal property of the protoplasm localizes the cell reactions and furnishes the physical basis of its physiology.
• Golgi bodies are flattened unit membrane-surrounded vesicles found proximal to the rough ER that regulate protein traffic in the cell and play a role in the formation of small bodies such as Lysosome and Peroxisome by providing the membrane components.
• Cell differentiation is the capability of a living organism to differentiate the cell.
• Organic compounds include carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.
• Tissues are made up of about 70-90% water and 10-30% solids, with 1% inorganic and the rest organic.
• Hydrogen bonding is an interaction between partial negative charge on oxygen atom of one water molecule and the partial positive charge on the hydrogen with a neighboring water molecule.
• Enzymes are a part of biochemistry and include basic concepts of the nature of biocatalysts and physical and chemical laws governing enzymatic activities.
• Biochemistry is the study of the chemical composition, organization, and chemical processes in living organisms.
• Water is highly reactive with unusual properties physically and chemically from other common liquids.
• Composition of living matters includes water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and inorganic salts.