RCD

• Structural Elements of a Building Frame include Frame, Girders, Beams, Footings, Columns, and Beams.
• Surface Load (DL+LL) is carried by the Frame.
• Two-Way Slab is a type of slab.
• One-Way Slab is a type of slab.
• Girder is a structural element in a building frame.
• Column is a structural element in a building frame.
• Beam is a structural element in a building frame.
• Footing is a structural element in a building frame.
• Monolithic Floor is a type of floor where the girder and slab are simultaneously poured and are rigidly connected, acting as one.
• Non-Monolithic Floor is a type of floor where beams/ girders and slab are separately created and connected afterwards.
• Slab is a flat, horizontal panel that supports the floor and can be supported by beams/ girders on edges or directly by columns.
• Precast slab is a type of slab that has been cast with or without reinforcement in manufacturing works condition and then carried and assembled on site.
• Cast-in-place slab is a type of slab that is casted on site.
• Monolithic slab is a type of floor where the slab and beams are constructed as one single pour.
• Non-monolithic slab is a type of floor where the slab and beams are constructed separately.
• Dead Loads are the weight of all materials permanently attached to the floor.
• Superimposed dead loads are the weight of floor finishes, mechanical duct, allowance, utilities, partition.
• Self-weight is the weight of the floor itself, including ceiling, mechanical wirings, etc.
• Live Loads are the weight of non-permanent loads that will inhabit a short time.
• Miscellaneous loads are other types of live loads with which the structural designer will have to contend, such as soil pressures, hydrostatic pressures, blast loads, and centrifugal forces.
• Shear stress is produced at different positions along the beam, causing the directions of the principal stresses to change.
• Diagonal racks are produced due to shear stress.
• Beam and girders have defined cross-sectional area.
• Iron grid is a framework used as the structural support from which scenery and lighting equipment are hung.
• Column is a vertical structure that resists compressive forces and suffers against buckling.
• Collapse stage (ultimate strength) is when factored loads (service loads are multiplied with load factors) provide non-linear inelastic behavior.
• Longitudinal bars provide sustain compressive forces caused by axial loads and tensile forces caused by bending moments.
• For slabs, there is no reinforcement for shear due to its thickness (100-150 mm are relatively thin).
• Beams and Girders are different in terms of size, functionality, and load-bearing capabilities.
• Two-way slabs can be strengthened by the addition of beams between the columns, by thickening the slabs around the columns (drop panels), and by flaring the columns under the slabs (column capitals).
• According to the engineering mechanics, if pure shear is produced in a member, a principal tensile stress of equal magnitude will be produced on another plane.
• Confinement involves individual hoop ties with cross-ties or continuous spiral bars to provide lateral bracing of longitudinal bars to prevent buckling when concrete cover breaks.
• Two-way slab has a short span to long span ratio, m = s/l ≥ 0.5, and both directions are bending to either support each other or manifest independent bending.
• Structural Elements of a Building Frame include Slab, Shear Stress, Two-way Slab, Beams and Girders, Column, and Reinforcement Requirements.
• Girders are the main horizontal supports of a structural support smaller beams.
• Confinement of concrete column core for increased strength and ductility is a crucial aspect of column reinforcement.
• Prevention against spitting of the column due to shear failure is a crucial aspect of confinement.
• Slab is a structural element that transfers loads to columns and bears vertical loads.
• Girder fabrication consists of load requirements from smaller beams, the girder will support.
• Because the tensile strength of concrete is less than its shearing strength, the concrete will fail in tension before its shearing strength is reached.