LA

• The bride’s mother threw a large pickled gherkin.
• Grammar is a set of rules in the human mind that can be subdivided into syntax and morphology.
• Syntax: arrangement of words in a sentence.
• Morphology: form of words, study of word formation.
• According to most contemporary linguistics, language can be divided into three areas: phonology, grammar, and lexicon.
• Phonology: sentence stress, intonation, pronunciation.
• Lexicon: information about individual lexis, items’ vocabulary.
• Collocation: content words, combination of nouns, verbs or adjectives, adverbs, depending on what type of collocation it is that we are talking about.
• Colligation: content word like an adjective or a noun, with some grammatical information.
• Pragmatics: It can mean that it is hot, or it can be an indirect petition for someone to open the window.
• The main clause of a sentence is conditional on the subordinate clause.
• Prescriptive grammarians: they will tell you how to write and speak correctly.
• The if clause in a conditional sentence is the condition for the occurrence of another event; the antecedent.
• Unreal conditionals are hypothetical, unlikely: wishes or alternative outcomes.
• Counterfactual conditionals present the negative side of what could have happened but did not happen.
• In American English, people often use the phrase "It is essential that he be told immediately" instead of "It is essential that he is told immediately".
• Real conditionals are about true facts, real things.
• Relative clauses are quite different from adverbial clauses and behave like modifiers in noun phrases.
• Comparative clauses are conditionals followed by a main clause.
• Relative pronouns and relative adverbs are used in relative clauses.
• The noun they postmodify in a relative clause is called the antecedent.
• Identifying subordinate clauses involves identifying the subordinator and the semantic categories the subordinate clause represents.
• Adverbial clauses, also known as adjunct clauses, provide extra information and answer WH questions.
• Discontinuous NP: The time to decorate the house for Christmas had come.
• Prepositional passive: People are looking into the matter.
• Mediopassive: This book reads well.
• Restrictive relative clause: that = which.
• Post head modifier: restrictive relative clause with zero pronoun (that).
• Intransitive use of transitive verb.
• It-extraposition: It is surprising that John went to Paris.
• Passive: form: The inspector confronted Jim.
• Descriptive grammar: people started rethinking about grammar in the 1890 century.
• Direct object: that / noun clause.
• Ditrans + passive: John gave Mary the money.
• Raising: It is a pleasure to teach her.
• Non-restrictive relative clause: peripheral dependent.
• Direct object: wh/noun clause, NB closed interrogative.
• Existencial ‘there’: A dog is in the garden.
• End-weight: when new information comes at the end of the sentence, it is easier for the speaker and the receiver to assimilate, process, and remember the info.
• Information packaging / thematic systems: A set of variants with very similar meaning (with the same underlying proposition) but which differ in the way they present information - and, therefore, also with the message they put across.