UTS

• The curious paradox is when I accept myself just as I am, then I can change.
• Developing trust is based on the dependability and quality of the child's caregivers during the first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
• If a caregiver fails to provide adequate care and love, the child will come to feel that they cannot trust or depend upon the adults in their life during the first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
• Rationalization is a defense mechanism that can be manifested through expression of reasons to protect the ego from any form of embarrassment or anxiety.
• Introjection is a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego.
• If a child successfully develops trust, the child will feel safe and secure in the world during the first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development.
• Erik Erikson believed that the ego develops throughout the various stages of life according to an epigenetic principle, a term borrowed from embryology.
• Projection is the defense mechanism of seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious.
• The self from the psychological perspective is understood differently from various philosophical perspectives.
• The first stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs between birth and 1 year of age and is the most fundamental stage in life.
• In Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, there is an interaction of opposites between a syntonic (harmonious) element and a dystonic (disruptive) element at each stage of life.
• Each stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development produces an ego quality or ego strength, which Erikson referred to as a basic strength.
• Sublimation is the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim.
• Paranoia is an extreme type of projection, a mental disorder characterized by powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution.
• The different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various philosophical perspectives are compared and contrasted.
• The students should be able to identify the different ideas in psychology about the “self” and create their own definition of the “self” based on the definitions from psychology.
• The effects of various factors identified in psychology in the formation of the “self” are analyzed.
• Psychological theories generally see the self and identity as mental constructs, created and recreated in memory.
• The spiritual self is the unseen part of the physical self, also known as the soul of the body.
• The mental self is the part of us that thinks, feels, and makes decisions.
• The physical self is the part of us that is visible to others and can be touched.
• Our five senses and our emotions may be access points or portals into experiencing the spiritual self.
• Introspection is necessary to fully understand the spiritual self.
• The emotional self is the part of us that experiences joy, sorrow, and other emotions.
• These theories focus on explaining how children change and grow over the course of childhood, and trying to predict their behavior later in life.
• Psychosexual Theory of Development by Sigmund Freud suggests that the first 4 or 5 years of life, or the infantile stage, are the most crucial for personality formation.
• Freud divided the infantile stage into three phases according to which of the three primary erogenous zones is undergoing the most salient development.
• The oral phase begins first and is followed in order by the anal phase and the phallic phase.
• The third aspect of an idealized image is neurotic pride, a false pride based not on a realistic view of the true self but on a spurious image of the idealized self.
• Horney recognized six major ways in which people express self-hatred: 1) Relentless demands on the self, 2) Merciless self-accusation, 3) Self-contempt, 4) Self-frustration, 5) Self-torment.
• The first mode of expressing self-hatred is relentless demands on the self, which are exemplified by the tyranny of the should.
• To prevent the hurt, neurotics avoid people who refuse to yield to their neurotic claims, and instead, they try to become associated with socially prominent and prestigious institutions and acquisitions.
• The second mode of expressing self-hatred is merciless self-accusation, which is exemplified by constantly berating oneself.
• The fourth mode of expressing self-hatred is self-frustration, which is designed to actualize an inflated self-image.
• Neurotic people truly believe that they are entitled to be near the front of the line, and they feel no guilt or remorse in moving ahead of others.
• When normal wishes are not fulfilled, people become understandably frustrated; but when neurotic claims are not met, neurotics become indignant, bewildered, and unable to comprehend why others have not granted their claims.
• The difference between normal desires and neurotic claims is illustrated by a situation in which many people are waiting in line for tickets for a popular movie.
• Neurotics imagine themselves to be glorious, wonderful, and perfect, so when others fail to treat them with special consideration, their neurotic pride is hurt.
• The need for a vindictive triumph may be disguised as a drive for achievement or success, but its chief aim is to put others to shame or defeat them through one’s very success; or to attain the power to inflict suffering on them, mostly of a humiliating kind.
• People with a neurotic search for glory can never be happy with themselves because when they realize that their real self does not match the insatiable demands of their idealized self, they will begin to hate and despise themselves.