Topic 1 biology - Biological Molecules

• Amino acids are organic compounds composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a unique R group that determines the properties of each amino acid.
• DNA strands are made up of nucleotides which contain a sugar, phosphate, and base.
• Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine;
• Protein synthesis involves transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein).
• The DNA double helix consists of two strands that are held together by base pairing between bases.
• The three-dimensional structure of proteins is determined by the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
• When hydrogen bonds form between cellulose chains, it results in a cluster of chains being formed, also known as Microfibrils.
• The tertiary structure of a protein is the overall three-dimensional shape of the polypeptide chain, determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.
• There are 20 different types of amino acids found in proteins.
• The general formula for an amino acid is H2NCHRCOOH.
• The four bases found in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is similar to DNA but has ribose instead of deoxyribose as its sugar component.
• Proteins are polypeptide chains formed by linking together many amino acids through peptide bonds.
• The sequence of bases on one DNA strand is complementary to the sequence of bases on another DNA strand.
• Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) is similar to DNA but has ribose instead of deoxyribose as its pentose sugar.
• There are three types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
• In prokaryotes, ribosomes float freely within the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes they are bound to structures known as rough endoplasmic reticulum.
• Secondary structure includes alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.
• Primary structure refers to the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
• Tertiary structure describes how the polypeptide folds into its final shape.
• Cellulose microfibrils can be found in plant cell walls.
• Quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptides into one functional unit.
• Hydrophobic amino acids have nonpolar R groups and tend to avoid water.
• Ionic bonding can occur between charged amino acids or between an amino acid and another ion.
• Amino acids have both polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions due to their functional groups.
• Protein synthesis involves transcription and translation processes.
• Each base on one strand pairs with only one specific base on the opposite strand through hydrogen bonding.
• The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the genetic information of an organism.
• Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms arranged in simple sugars or complex carbohydrate molecules such as starch and cellulose.
• Lipids include fats, oils, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids, which serve various functions in organisms.
• DNA replication occurs when two identical copies of DNA are made from one original copy, with each new molecule consisting of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.
• Nucleotides are organic compounds that make up nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.
• In DNA, there are always equal numbers of Adenine and Thymine, and Guanine and Cytosine.
• Amino acids are joined together by condensation reactions between their carboxyl group (-COOH) and an amine group (-NH2) from another amino acid.
• Peptides are short chains of two or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
• Enzyme proteins catalyze chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers.
• Glycogen is used by animals as an energy store.
• Starch is stored in plants as a source of glucose.
• Monosaccharides are single sugar units that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by water.
• Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharide molecules join together.