ETHICS QUIZ

• Lawrence Kohlberg believes that a person passes through a sequence of six identifiable stages that exist in the development of a person’s ability to deal with moral issues
• Carol Gilligan claims that there are “male” and “female” approaches to morality
• The reasoning process by which human behaviors, institutions, or policies are judged to be in accordance with or in violation of moral standards.

  Moral Reasoning
• Premises in Logic.

  Moral Standard and Evidence
• What is the conclusion in logic?

  Moral Judgment
• Moral Justification – viewing harmful activities as serving worthy ends
• Euphemistic Labelling – using of sanitized language
• Advantageous Comparison – comparing/contrasting injurious products to other injurious products making the former benign and has lesser negative effects
• Displacement of responsibility – transferring of responsibilities – stating that the injurious activity was just an order
• Diffusion of responsibility – transferring of responsibility to the members of the group
• Redirecting Blame – those who suffer the harmful effects of the products are blamed for bringing the harm on themselves
• Disregarding or distorting the Harm – evidence of the harm is discredited
• Dehumanizing the victim – treating the victim as less human or not human
• Ethical climate - the beliefs an organization’s members have about how they are expected to behave
• Ethical culture - the kind of behavior an organization encourages or discourages by repeated use of examples of appropriate behavior, incentives for ethical behavior, clear rules, rewards, stories of notable ethical actions, etc.
• Moral seduction - the subtle pressures that can gradually lead to an ethical person into decisions to do what he or she knows is wrong.
• A person’s actions “caused” an injury or wrong.

  Commissions
• When a party does not cause an injury but merely fails to prevent it.

  Omissions
• Rationalization of the Act - “Everybody does it.” “There’s no rule against it!” “If I didn’t do it, somebody else would.”
• Loyal Agent’s Argument - when a subordinate acts on the orders of a legitimate superior, the subordinate is absolved of responsibility for that act
• Corporation or Individual Dilemma - The corporate act is the responsibility of the corporation, not the individual
• The process of conceiving stimulus.

  Conditioning
• The stage dictated by the society.

  Good Boy Attitude
• Specific to general.

  Inductive
• General to specific.

  Deductive.
• Rationalizing according to past experiences.

  Framing
• You are exempted from being morally responsible if:

  Physical Force or Mental Impairment
• Elements of Mitigation.

  Uncertainty, Difficulty, Contribution
• A favor for another favor.

  Qued Pro Quo