Stages and genetic variation

• How does meiosis differ from mitosis in terms of chromosome number?

  Meiosis halves the chromosome number
• How many stages are there in total for mitosis?

  4
• What is the name of the fourth stage of meiosis shown in the image?

  Anaphase I
• What is the purpose of mitosis?

  Cell growth and repair
• What is the purpose of the sister chromatids separating during Anaphase II?

  To ensure each daughter cell receives a complete set of genetic material
• What are the two equally probable arrangements at Metaphase I that give rise to different chromosome combinations?

  Two equally probable arrangements at Metaphase I
• What are the 4 stages of mitosis?

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
• What is independent assortment?

  Random alignment of homologous chromosomes
• What are the 8 stages of meiosis?

  1. Prophase I
  2. Metaphase I
  3. Anaphase I
  4. Telophase I
  5. Prophase II
  6. Metaphase II
  7. Anaphase II
  8. Telophase II
• What are the key features of meiosis?

  • Chromosome Number: Diploid to haploid
  • Purpose: Sexual reproduction
  • Result: Genetically unique gametes
• What type of cells do both mitosis and meiosis start with?

  Diploid cells
• What is the starting point for both mitosis and meiosis?

  A single parent cell
• How does the chromosome number change in the daughter cells produced by mitosis compared to meiosis?

  In mitosis, the chromosome number remains the same, while in meiosis it is halved in each daughter cell
• How many daughter cells does mitosis produce?

  2 diploid cells
• How does the genetic variation change in the daughter cells produced by mitosis compared to meiosis?

  Genetic variation doesn't change in mitosis, but increases in meiosis
• In which type of cells does mitosis occur?

  Somatic cells
• What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of their purpose?

  Mitosis is for cellular proliferation, while meiosis is for sexual reproduction
• How many stages are there in total for meiosis?

  8
• What is the name of the first stage of meiosis shown in the image?

  Interphase
• In which type of cells does meiosis occur?

  Germ cells
• What is the name of the second stage of meiosis shown in the image?

  Prophase I
• How does genetic variation differ between mitosis and meiosis?

  Mitosis has no change; meiosis increases variation
• What type of cells does meiosis produce?

  Gametes
• What are the key events that occur during Metaphase I of meiosis?

  • Homologous chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
  • Spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the homologous chromosomes
  • Homologous chromosomes are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell
• What are the key events that occur during Anaphase I of meiosis?

  • Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell
  • Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere
  • The cell begins to divide into two daughter cells
• What is the name of the third stage of meiosis shown in the image?

  Metaphase I
• What is the name of the seventh stage of meiosis shown in the image?

  Anaphase II
• What is the name of the fifth stage of meiosis shown in the image?

  Telophase I + Cytokinesis
• What are the key events that occur during Prophase I of meiosis?

  • Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis)
  • Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
  • Spindle fibers begin to form
• How does meiosis I differ from meiosis II in terms of chromosome separation?

  Meiosis I separates homologous chromosomes, not chromatids
• What is the purpose of meiosis?

  • Sexual reproduction
  • Produces 4 haploid daughter cells
  • Chromosome number is halved in each daughter cell
  • Genetic variation increased
• What is the outcome of Telophase I in meiosis I?

  Two diploid cells form
• If a cell undergoes meiosis II, how many daughter cells will be produced?

  4
• What happens during Metaphase I of meiosis I?

  Chromosomes align at cell center
• What are the key events that occur during Telophase I and Cytokinesis of meiosis?

  • Nuclear envelopes reform around the chromosomes at each pole
  • Chromosomes decondense
  • Cytokinesis occurs, dividing the cell into two haploid daughter cells
• What are the stages of meiosis I and their key events?

  • Prophase I: Crossing over occurs
  • Metaphase I: Chromosomes align at cell center
  • Anaphase I: Homologous pairs separate
  • Telophase I: Two diploid cells form
• What occurs during Anaphase I of meiosis I?

  Homologous pairs separate
• How does meiosis II compare to mitosis?

  It is similar but starts with haploid cells
• What is the purpose of meiosis II?

  • To separate the sister chromatids and produce haploid daughter cells
  • To reduce the chromosome number by half, from diploid to haploid
• What is the purpose of mitosis?

  • Cellular proliferation (cell division)
  • Produces 2 diploid daughter cells
  • Chromosome number remains the same
  • Genetic variation doesn't change