microbiology

• Microorganisms can reproduce through various methods, including binary fission, budding, and spore formation.
• The scope of Microbiology includes understanding life, shared characteristics, medical fields, pharmaceutical industries, agriculture, aquaculture, anaerobic, anaerobic & methanogenic, purple bacteria, and cyanobacteria.
• LUCA, the last universal common ancestor, contributed to 80% of Earth’s history being exclusively microbial.
• Microbes can be categorized as the good, the bad, and the icky.
• Penicillium notatum is a type of fungi from which Penicillin is derived.
• Clostridium botulinum is a type of bacteria that produces toxin used in Botox.
• Microbes are also involved in bioremediation, genetically-modified organisms, and alternatives to fuel.
• Tinea unguium, also known as onychomycosis, is a type of fungal infection.
• Microbes can also be found in data from the United States National Center for Health Statistics and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
• Microbes can also be represented as bacteria, algae, fungi, Thiomargarita namibiensis, Epulopiscium fishelsoni, and Ophiocordyceps.
• The earliest account of microbiology is associated with leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae.
• The Aztecs and the 'cocoliztli' are associated with the Black plague.
• The Triumph of Death, a painting by Pieter Bruegel (1562), depicts the Black plague.
• Xenopsylla cheopsis is a carrier of the bacterium Yersinia pestis.
• The term 'quarantine' derives from the Venetian dialect of Italian and the words quaranta giorni, meaning forty days.
• Martinus Beijerinck described the first virus, tobacco mosaic virus, using a modified enrichment culture technique.
• Madigan, Martinko, Stahl, and Clark's book, Brock biology of microorganisms, is in its 13th edition.
• White blood cells engulfing phagocytes is a process described by Elie Metchnikoff.
• Sergei Winogradsky is known for his work on bacterial diversity in soil and water, and for inventing the Winogradsky column.
• Martinus Beijerinck formulated the enrichment culture technique and discovered Azotobacter.
• Elie Metchnikoff is known as the Father of natural immunity.
• Zacharias Janssen, an inventor of the first compound microscope, allowed scientists to explore the microscopic world.
• Robert Hooke, who coined the term 'cell', is associated with Micrographia (1655).
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who made the first descriptions of bacteria (‘animalcules’) from environmental samples and food, is also associated with the period.
• Francesco Redi, who proposed the maggot theory, observed flies laying eggs on the meat.
• Maggots developed in a mesh-covered jar.
• Edward Jenner, the father of the smallpox vaccine, used blister fluid from cowpox to protect against smallpox.
• Robert Koch improved laboratory techniques, used pure cultures, and identified bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Vibrio cholerae, and Bacillus anthracis.
• Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, a Hungarian doctor in Vienna, studied puerperal fever or childbed fever and encouraged doctors to wash their hands.
• Joseph lister, a British doctor in the 1860s, found that carbolic acid (phenol) could prevent post-operative infection (‘ward fever’) and used it in surgery.
• Silkworm studies led to the Germ Theory of Disease.
• Swan Neck Flask Experiment in 1859 involved boiling the broths, exposing them to air, and observing the changes.
• Ferdinand Cohn found that bacteria may form endospores and conducted bacterial classification.
• No maggots developed in an open jar.
• Pasteurization and immunology studies led to vaccines against diseases such as chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies.
• Maggots developed from flies' eggs and maggots developed on a net.
• Koch’s Postulates helped define the Germ Theory of Disease, used Bacillus anthracis, and underlined the importance of laboratory cultures.
• Maggots did not develop in a sealed jar.
• • Protects against smallpox
• Spore Formation involves some bacteria forming protective structures called endospores that allow them to survive harsh conditions until favorable conditions return.