Functional Groups

• Carboxylic acids are functional groups that contain a carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to a carbon atom.
• Ethyne is the simplest carbon-carbon triple bond of an alkyne function group.
• Alkanes are molecules or parts of molecules containing only carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon single bonds.
• Haloalkane is a carbon of an alkane is bonded to a halogen, for example, CHCl3 is a simple haloalkane.
• Hydroxyl -carbon is single-bonded to an OH group.
• Primary alcohol- if the central carbon in an alcohol is bonded to only one other carbon.
• Secondary alcohols and Tertiary alcohols- the central carbon is bonded to two and three carbons.
• Thiol is the sulfur analog of an alcohol, with the prefix thio derived from the Greek referring to sulfur.
• Ether is a compound where central oxygen is bonded to two carbons.
• Sulfides are compounds where an oxygen atom in an ether has been replaced by a sulfur atom.
• Ammonia is the simplest example of a functional group called amines (primary, secondary, and tertiary amines).
• amines are basic, and are readily protonated to form ammonium cations.
• Carbonyl -carbon-oxygen double bond is a type of bond.
• Ketone is a type of compound where the carbon atom of a carbonyl is bonded to two other carbons.
• Aldehyde is a type of compound where the carbonyl carbon is bonded on one side to a hydrogen, and on the other side to a carbon, with the exception of formaldehyde, in which the carbonyl carbon has bonds to two hydrogens.
• Carboxylic acid- carbonyl is bonded to a hydroxyl (OH) group.
• Carboxylic acids are acidic and are readily deprotonated to form the conjugate base form, called a carboxylate.
• Amides are compounds where the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a nitrogen.
• The nitrogen in an amide can be bonded either to hydrogens, to carbons, or to both.
• Esters are compounds where the carbonyl carbon is bonded to an oxygen which is itself bonded to another carbon.
• Thioesters are similar to esters, except a sulfur is in place of the oxygen.
• Acyl phosphate- carbonyl carbon is bonded to the oxygen of a phosphate.
• Acid chloride- carbonyl carbon is bonded to a chlorine.
• Acyl phosphate- carbonyl carbon is bonded to the oxygen of a phosphate.
• Acid chloride- carbonyl carbon is bonded to a chlorine.