history of architecture

• Flying buttresses provided lateral support to the walls, allowing windows to be enlarged.
• : Made of wood and mud, found in France, are considered the earliest known huts in the world.
• The term "Historia" is derived from the Greek word for inquiry, signifying the chronological records of events.
• Architecture is the art and science of designing and erecting buildings or structures, involving the style and method of design and construction of buildings and other physical structures.
• The history of architecture involves looking back to past events that influence the buildings we have today.
• Geographical influences in architecture include the location of a building and its neighbors.
• Geological influences in architecture refer to the kinds of natural materials existing, which determines the building materials used.
• Climatic influences in architecture depend on the climate.
• Religious beliefs can influence the details in architecture.
• Socio-political influences in architecture are based on the needs of the people and involve people.
• Historical events can influence present architecture.
• Ancient architecture is the beginning of recorded data about architecture, including the beginning of Prehistory, the development of a written language by the Sumerians, the construction of Stonehenge, the Egyptian Old Kingdom, the construction of Pyramids at Giza, the construction of Ziggurat at Ur, the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, the Egyptian New Kingdom, and the construction of the Great Pyramid of Giza.
• Prehistoric architecture, also known as the Prehistoric Era, is the beginning of recorded history, when medieval men started to build their architecture to protect themselves from climate and animals.
• The Etruscans introduced the atrium type house and temples faced south.
• Types of walling in Roman architecture include Opus-Quadratum, Opus-Insertum, Opus-Reticulatum, Opus-Testaceum, and Opus-Mixtum.
• The use of concrete in Etruscan architecture was reinforced in the late 19th century.
• Examples of Etruscan architecture include tombs, city walls, gateways, temples, bridges, and aqueducts.
• Roman architecture developed the arch, vault, and dome of the Etruscans and combined the use of column, beam, and arch, which became the keynote of the Roman style.
• Roman architecture is characterized by vastness, magnificence, ostentation, ornateness, and adapted the Columnar and Trabeated style of the Greeks.
• Columnae in Roman architecture include the Tuscan Order, Doric Order, Ionic Order, Corinthian Order, and Composite Order.
• The orders of architecture by Greeks were frequently employed by the Romans as decorative features and were used for colonnades and basilicas.
• Roman architecture revolutionalized wall construction through the use of concrete, with the Pilaster used decoratively on walls instead of half-columns.
• The Colosseum displays these features in combination, with half-columns supporting arches.
• Etruscan architecture features the use of the true/radiating arch, walls of solid cyclopean masonry, and the invention of the Tuscan column.
• The Etruscans were the early inhabitants of Central Italy and were great builders, influencing Roman architecture.
• Pagoda is an Asian tiered tower with multiple eaves.
• The establishment of Chinese and Central Asian Buddhism was influenced by Mahayana Buddhism, which had made its way into China and Korea, and from there crossed in Japan.
• Chaitya refers to a shrine, sanctuary, temple/prayer hall in Indian religions.
• Sherpa Houses have an elongated shape, have two stories, a rigid roof and most have the ground floor built into the hill or slope behind it.
• In the southern dynasties, Confucianism was dominant.
• Influences of prehistoric architecture include geographical/geological factors such as using available materials for tools and shelter, taking advantage of rock-caves for shelter, and climate/religious beliefs such as different religious beliefs but no formal organization and belief in natural phenomena as a sign of something significant.
• Temples consist of either a single roof structure or one with multiple tiers, statues of the gods and goddesses reside known as Mandir.
• Newar Houses are three or four stories and faced outwards to either the street or a courtyard.
• Temples of Nepal are made of brick, stone, or wood and despite some stylistic differences, most temples follow a similar architectural layout or pattern.
• Palaces, Monasteries, and Temples are buildings reserved for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice.
• The Han emperor built a monastery for them called Baima-si (White Horse Monastery) to support Buddhism.
• Traditional housing in Nepal is architecturally designed to cope with Nepal’s hot, dry summers and cold winters.
• Stupa is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics that is used as a place of meditation.
• Buddhism was only one among many competitive intellectual traditions prevalent in China.
• Chinese architecture is rich and varied.