test1

• Products of culture: artefacts
• A result of human activity: artefacts
• Culture is a “whole way of life (ideas, attitudes, languages, practices, institutions, structures of power) and a whole range of cultural practices: artistic forms, texts, canons, architecture, mass produced commodities, and so on.
• Marxism: dominant hegemonic classes create dominant ideology
• Marxism: state and media spread the ideology
• Marxism: dominant ideology is seen by lower classes as something natural
• Culture as a site of struggle between: hegemonic culture and subculture
• Hegemonic culture: dominant ideology, expressing the dominant order
• Subculture: subordinated group oppressed by the hegemonic culture, possibly creating its own subversive culture that mightchallenge the status quo directly or indirectly through its cultural practices
• High culture typically refers to cultural forms and expressions that are considered refined, sophisticated, and intellectually stimulating.
• Low culture encompasses cultural forms and expressions that are considered more accessible, popular, and mass-produced.
• Popular culture is essentially a set of beliefs, values, actions, objects, or goods and practices that are popular at any given time and space in society
• An academic study of culture: cultural studies
• Frankfurt School (Critical Theory): influenced by marxism and psychoanalysis; emphasis on structure over individual
• Birmingham School/British Cultural Studies: importance of subcultures;
• Post-structuralism is a philosophical movement that questions the objectivity or stability of the various interpretive structures that are posited by structuralism 
• Four “moments” in cultural studies (Chris Rojek): national-popular,textual-representional, global/post-essentialism, governmentality/policy
• The core issue of cultural studies is the interpretation of socially construced meaning
• Historical relativism argues that all written history involves interpretation.
• Cultural Relativism: different approach to other cultures or classes in our own society
• Hollis and Lukes (1982): both historical and cultural relativism as ‘perceptual relativism’
• Perceptual relativism maintains that experiences themselves differ: people “occupy” different worlds altogether, with no way to judge the differences.