Biology - Cell Parts

Cards (86)

  • What are the parts of the microscope (14 parts)?
    - Eyepiece- Body tube- Arm- Rotating nosepiece- Objective lenses (low, medium, high)- Stage- Stage clips- Diaphragm- Lights source- Base- Coarse adjustment knob- Fine adjustment knob
  • What are they types, structure, and function of RNA?
    Types: messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), ribosomal (rRNA)Structure: single helix/complex shapesFunction: RNA helps turn protein code into protein
  • What are they types, structure, and function of DNA?
    Types: nuclear, mitochondrial, chloroplastalStructure: double helixFunction: DNA contains code for all proteins
  • What are nucleic acids?
    DNA and RNA
  • What are four examples of proteins?
    1. Actin (part of the cytoskeleton)2. Insulin (regulates blood sugar)3. Collagen (part of connective tissue)4. Amylase (speeds up the breakdown of starch)
  • What are proteins?
    - Organic compounds- Long strands of amino acids
  • What are steroids?
    - Chemical messengers- Are important in the cell membrane- Ex. cholesterol (alters fluidity of members), cortisol (stress hormone)
  • What is a phospholipid?
    - Made of glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, and one phosphorous molecule- Main part of membranes that surround the cell and organelles
  • What are sources of waxes?
    - Leaves and fruits of platns- Feathers of birds- Fur of some animals
  • What is the function of waxes?
    - Waterproofing- Protection against microorganisms, structural organisms
  • What are unsaturated triglycerides?
    Oils- Have space for more hydrogen atoms (mono- 1, poly- many)- Formed by plants- Liquid at room temperature
  • What are saturated triglycerides?
    Fats- Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms- Formed by animals- Solid at room temperature (higher melting point than unsaturated truglycerides)
  • What are the two types of triglycerides?
    Saturated and Unsaturated
  • What are the four types of lipids?
    1. Triglycerides2. Phospholipids3. Waxes4. Steroids
  • What are lipids?
    - Organic compounds- Generally insoluble in water- There are 4 types
  • What are polysaccharides?
    - Large numbers of monosaccharides- Used by living things for energy storage and structural elements- Most common carbohydrate- Ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, etc.
  • What are disaccharides?
    - Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis reaction (when molecules are joined by a loss of water)- Ex. lactose (galactose + glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose)
  • What are monosaccharides?
    - Building blocks of all other carbohydrates- Provide immediate energy- Ex. glucose, galactose, fructose, etc.
  • What are the three main types of carbohydrates?
    1. Monosaccharides (simple sugars) 2. Disaccharides (double sugars)3. Polysaccharides (many sugars)
  • What are are carbohydrates?
    Organic compounds made of carbon and hydrogen
  • What are the four types of macromolecules?
    1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids
  • What is pinocytosis (cell eating)?
    Matter being absorbed into a living cell by reaching out its cell membrane around it
  • What is phagocytosis (cell drinking)?
    Matter being absorbed into a living cell by collapsing its cell membrane around it
  • What is exocytosis and endocytosis?
    A process when the contents of a cell vacuole are released or absorbed into the cell through a protein pump
  • What is active transport?

    Materials are moved against the concentration gradient across the cell membrane using a protein pump and energy (ATP)
  • What is a isotonic solution?
    Equal solute and water in the environment and cell
  • What is a hypotonic solution?
    There is less solute (molecules) in the environment, water diffuses into the cell from the environment
  • What is a hypertonic solution?

    There is more solute (molecules) in the environment, water diffuses from the cell into the environment
  • How does osmosis work?
    The diffusion of water from high to low across a semi-permeable membrane
  • How does facilitated diffusion work?

    When molecules and proteins use protein channels to move across the cell membrane quickly when they can't on their own
  • How does simple diffusion work?
    When materials move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (the area imbetween is called the concentration gradient)
  • What are the three types of passive transport?
    1. Simple diffusion2. Facilitated diffusion3. Osmosis
  • What is passive transport?
    The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using energy from the cell
  • What are integral (transmembrane) proteins?
    Proteins in the phospholipid bilayer as channels or pumps
  • What are peripheral proteins?
    Proteins in the phospholipid bilayer that are loosely bound to the surface and act as an identifier
  • What did S.J Singer and G. Nicolson do in 1972?
    Propose that proteins and other molecule were embedded in the lipid bilayer
  • What are phospholipids in the cell membrane?
    A phosphate head (hydrophilic) and a fatty acid tail (hydrophobic) arranged in a bilayer that makes up the cell membrane
  • What is the structure of the cell membrane?
    Semipermeable membrane made of phospholipids, proteins, and other macromolecules that separates the living cell from its non-living surroundings
  • What is the cytoplasm?
    - Thick fluid in the cell- Enclosed by the cell membrane- Mostly composed of water, salts, and proteins- Actually comprises the cytosol (gel like substance enclosed within the cell membrane and the organelles)
  • What are cilia?
    Hair like structures that either help cells move with contractile proteins or make fluid currents to move materials