What are they types, structure, and function of RNA?
Types: messenger (mRNA), transfer (tRNA), ribosomal (rRNA)Structure: single helix/complex shapesFunction: RNA helps turn protein code into protein
What are they types, structure, and function of DNA?
Types: nuclear, mitochondrial, chloroplastalStructure: double helixFunction: DNA contains code for all proteins
What are nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What are four examples of proteins?
1. Actin (part of the cytoskeleton)2. Insulin (regulates blood sugar)3. Collagen (part of connective tissue)4. Amylase (speeds up the breakdown of starch)
What are proteins?
- Organic compounds- Long strands of amino acids
What are steroids?
- Chemical messengers- Are important in the cell membrane- Ex. cholesterol (alters fluidity of members), cortisol (stress hormone)
What is a phospholipid?
- Made of glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acids, and one phosphorous molecule- Main part of membranes that surround the cell and organelles
What are sources of waxes?
- Leaves and fruits of platns- Feathers of birds- Fur of some animals
What is the function of waxes?
- Waterproofing- Protection against microorganisms, structural organisms
What are unsaturated triglycerides?
Oils- Have space for more hydrogen atoms (mono- 1, poly- many)- Formed by plants- Liquid at room temperature
What are saturated triglycerides?
Fats- Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms- Formed by animals- Solid at room temperature (higher melting point than unsaturated truglycerides)
- Organic compounds- Generally insoluble in water- There are 4 types
What are polysaccharides?
- Large numbers of monosaccharides- Used by living things for energy storage and structural elements- Most common carbohydrate- Ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose, etc.
What are disaccharides?
- Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis reaction (when molecules are joined by a loss of water)- Ex. lactose (galactose + glucose), sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose)
What are monosaccharides?
- Building blocks of all other carbohydrates- Provide immediate energy- Ex. glucose, galactose, fructose, etc.
The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using energy from the cell
What are integral (transmembrane) proteins?
Proteins in the phospholipid bilayer as channels or pumps
What are peripheral proteins?
Proteins in the phospholipid bilayer that are loosely bound to the surface and act as an identifier
What did S.J Singer and G. Nicolson do in 1972?
Propose that proteins and other molecule were embedded in the lipid bilayer
What are phospholipids in the cell membrane?
A phosphate head (hydrophilic) and a fatty acid tail (hydrophobic) arranged in a bilayer that makes up the cell membrane
What is the structure of the cell membrane?
Semipermeable membrane made of phospholipids, proteins, and other macromolecules that separates the living cell from its non-living surroundings
What is the cytoplasm?
- Thick fluid in the cell- Enclosed by the cell membrane- Mostly composed of water, salts, and proteins- Actually comprises the cytosol (gel like substance enclosed within the cell membrane and the organelles)
What are cilia?
Hair like structures that either help cells move with contractile proteins or make fluid currents to move materials