Clinical Parasitology

• Trematodes


  Flukes
• Cestodes


  Tapeworms
• Nematodes


  Roundworms
• Elimination


  reduction to zero of specified disease in a defined geographicarea
• Eradication


  permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidences of infection
• Sanitation


  provision of adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta
• Egg Reduction Rate


  reduction in infection intensity
• Cure Rate


  reduction of prevalence
• Effectiveness


  measure of the effect of a drug against an infective agent in a particular environment
• Efficacy


  effect of a drug against an infective agent in ideal experimental conditions and isolated from any context
• Drug Resistance


  genetically transmitted loss of susceptibility to a drug in a worm population that was previously sensitive to the therapeutic dose
• Coverage


  it could be the percentage of school-age children treated during the treatment day
• Coverage


  proportion of the target population reached by an intervention
• Universal Treatment


  population-level deworming in which the community is treated irrespective of age, sex, infection status, or other social characteristics
• Targeted Treatment


  group-level deworming where the risk group are treated without prior diagnosis
• Selective Treatment


  treatment is based on individual diagnosis and intensity of infection
• Egg Reduction Rate


  percentage fall in egg counts in fecalysis or urinalysis after deworming
• Cure Rate


  number of previously positive subjects found to be egg-negative in fecalysis or urinalysis after deworming
• Deworming


  the use of anti-helminthic drugs to eliminate worms from individual
• Vehicle


  a non-living entity that transmits the etiologic agent
• Vector


  a living entity that transmits the etiologic agent
• Epidemic


  a larger than normal number of diseased or infected individuals in a particular location
• Endemic


  a disease constantly present at some rate of occurrence in a particular location
• Pandemic


  an epidemic that spans the world
• Mortality rate


  the incidence in which a disease results in death
• Mortality


  death resulting from disease
• Morbidity rate


  the incidence of a particular disease state
• Morbidity


  clinical consequences of infections or diseases that affect an individual's well-being
• Surveillance


  an investigation done to characterize the circumstances surrounding the incidence or prevalence of a particular disease or infection
• Outbreak


  a larger than normal number of infected individuals that occurs over a short period
• Intensity of Infection


  worm burden; number of worms per infected person
• Cumulative Prevalence


  percentage of individuals in a population infected with at least one parasite
• Prevalence


  number of infected individuals in a population at a given time
• Incidence


  number of new cases of infection appearing in a population in a given period of time
• Mode of Transmission, Infective stage, Diagnostic stage


  Components
• Indirect


  two or more hosts in the life cycle
• Direct


  only one host in the entire life cycle
• Direct and Indirect


  Types of cycle
• Mechanical Vectors


  vectors for transport only
• Mechanical Vectors


  parasite phoretic/ transport/ harborage vectors