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Language and Gender
Deficit approach
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Created by
alice woodall
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Cards (25)
Who is credited with introducing language and gender as a study?
Robin Lakoff
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What is the title of Lakoff's 1975 book?
Language and Women’s Place
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How is Lakoff's book viewed in terms of language and gender study?
As characteristic of a
deficit approach
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What does the deficit approach imply about women's language?
It is seen as
deficient
compared to male norm
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What did Lakoff claim about women's language authority?
It
lacked
real
authority
compared to
men's
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What type of vocabulary did Lakoff associate with women's speech?
Specialised vocabulary around
domestic chores
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What are precise colour terms mentioned by Lakoff?
‘Magenta’
,
‘mauve’
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What type of expletive terms did Lakoff describe as weak?
Weak
expletive
terms like
‘oh dear’
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What linguistic feature did Lakoff associate with uncertainty in women's speech?
Tag questions
like ‘isn’t it?’
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What did Lakoff suggest about the basis of differences in language use?
They had more
social
basis
than
biological
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How did societal factors affect women's language according to Lakoff?
Made it less
assertive
and more
insecure
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What was the academic context during Lakoff's time?
Men
dominated the academic world
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How was Lakoff's proposal received by the academic community?
Much of it was
glossed
over
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What misconception arose from Lakoff's observations?
They represented women's
innate
linguistic
behaviour
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What did later research attempt to prove regarding Lakoff's observations?
It
tried
to
prove
her
observations
right
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What did later research fail to consider when analyzing language differences?
Other
variables
that could explain differences
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What does Janet Holmes suggest about tag questions?
They
may
maintain
discussion
or
show
politeness
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What are the multi-functional uses of tag questions according to Holmes?
Facilitative/positive politeness strategies
Softeners to show support/concern
Coercive devices
to demonstrate security and forcefulness
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What does Holmes argue about features of "women's language" like hedges and fillers?
They should be seen as
multi-functional
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Why might individuals use hedges like "sort of" or fillers like "um"?
To soften
statements
or maintain conversation
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What did Holmes conclude about women's use of compliments?
Women used more compliments in
all-female
situations
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What did Jennifer Coates find about women's use of epistemic modal forms?
They use them to avoid
face-threatening acts
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What did Betty Dubois and Isobel Crouch find about men's use of tag questions?
Men
used
more tag questions
than
women
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What did O’Barr and Atkins find in their courtroom research regarding Lakoff’s suggestions?
They found
Lakoff’s
suggestions to be
true
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What did O’Barr and Atkins discover about men from lower-class backgrounds?
They used similar features as
women
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