Deficit approach

    Cards (25)

    • Who is credited with introducing language and gender as a study?
      Robin Lakoff
    • What is the title of Lakoff's 1975 book?
      Language and Women’s Place
    • How is Lakoff's book viewed in terms of language and gender study?
      As characteristic of a deficit approach
    • What does the deficit approach imply about women's language?
      It is seen as deficient compared to male norm
    • What did Lakoff claim about women's language authority?
      It lacked real authority compared to men's
    • What type of vocabulary did Lakoff associate with women's speech?
      Specialised vocabulary around domestic chores
    • What are precise colour terms mentioned by Lakoff?
      ‘Magenta’, ‘mauve’
    • What type of expletive terms did Lakoff describe as weak?
      Weak expletive terms like ‘oh dear’
    • What linguistic feature did Lakoff associate with uncertainty in women's speech?
      Tag questions like ‘isn’t it?’
    • What did Lakoff suggest about the basis of differences in language use?
      They had more social basis than biological
    • How did societal factors affect women's language according to Lakoff?
      Made it less assertive and more insecure
    • What was the academic context during Lakoff's time?
      Men dominated the academic world
    • How was Lakoff's proposal received by the academic community?
      Much of it was glossed over
    • What misconception arose from Lakoff's observations?
      They represented women's innate linguistic behaviour
    • What did later research attempt to prove regarding Lakoff's observations?
      It tried to prove her observations right
    • What did later research fail to consider when analyzing language differences?
      Other variables that could explain differences
    • What does Janet Holmes suggest about tag questions?
      They may maintain discussion or show politeness
    • What are the multi-functional uses of tag questions according to Holmes?
      • Facilitative/positive politeness strategies
      • Softeners to show support/concern
      • Coercive devices to demonstrate security and forcefulness
    • What does Holmes argue about features of "women's language" like hedges and fillers?
      They should be seen as multi-functional
    • Why might individuals use hedges like "sort of" or fillers like "um"?
      To soften statements or maintain conversation
    • What did Holmes conclude about women's use of compliments?
      Women used more compliments in all-female situations
    • What did Jennifer Coates find about women's use of epistemic modal forms?
      They use them to avoid face-threatening acts
    • What did Betty Dubois and Isobel Crouch find about men's use of tag questions?
      Men used more tag questions than women
    • What did O’Barr and Atkins find in their courtroom research regarding Lakoff’s suggestions?
      They found Lakoff’s suggestions to be true
    • What did O’Barr and Atkins discover about men from lower-class backgrounds?
      They used similar features as women
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