STS

• The Stone Age is characterized by the use of tools made of stone, wood, bone or some other materials for hunting.
• Neanderthals and Denisovans are human species.
• The Paleolithic Period, also known as the Old Stone Age, spanned from 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C.
• During the Paleolithic Period, people were mainly hunters and gatherers of food, living nomadically in caves, and used basic stone tools for hunting and controlling fire.
• The Mesolithic Period, or Middle Stone Age, spanned from 10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C.
• During the Mesolithic Period, people were still hunters and gatherers of food, living as permanent settlers in villages near rivers, and used small stone tools for hunting and polished, pointed spears/arrows.
• The Neolithic Period, or New Stone Age, spanned from 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C.
• During the Neolithic Period, people used agriculture and domesticated animals for food, living as permanent settlers in villages near rivers, and used stone tools in agriculture.
• The Bronze Age, which spanned from 3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C., saw the use of tools and weapons widely made with copper and bronze, and the invention of smelting.
• The Fifth Republic began with the term of President Corazon Aquino, who renamed the National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) as Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and crafted the Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP1991-2000) aiming to be a Newly Industrialized Country.
• The National Research Council of the Philippines acts as the official adviser on scientific matters to the Government of the Philippines.
• Other S&T Agencies established include the Philippine National Oil Company, International Rice Research Institute, Philippine Coconut Research Institute, and Philippine Council for Agriculture and Fisheries.
• President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo adopted policies focusing on a national innovation system and promoted technological entrepreneurship under Medium Term Plan (MTP 2004-2010).
• Government Policies and Laws Pertaining to S&T include RA 2067 - Science Act of 1958, which aims to integrate, coordinate and intensify scientific and technological research and development and to foster invention to provide funds therefore and for other purposes.
• President Fidel V. Ramos introduced laws on Inventors’ Incentives (RA 7459) and S&T Scholarships (RA 7687, RA 2067, RA 10612).
• In 1972, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAG-ASA) was established.
• Sources of Alternative Energy include Nuclear power, Wind power, Solar power, Hydraulic power, Geothermal power, Space-based solar power, Tidal power, and Biofuel.
• Hydroelectric Plants, such as Angat Dam in Bulacan, are major hydropower facilities in the Philippines.
• There are 14 conventional dams and 15 run-of-the-river systems in the Philippines.
• Geothermal Plants are suitable for areas with low winds, such as Mindanao, and areas that have rainy weather, such as Batanes.
• The Philippines is geographically located in a region that receives a high amount of sunlight each year, making it an ideal location for Solar Power.
• Alternative Energy refers to energy sources other than fossil fuels (coal, gasoline, and natural gas) including all renewable resources and nuclear power, intended to address concerns of high carbon emissions.
• All wind power sites in the Philippines are on-shore facilities and are tourist destinations.
• Renewable resources come from sources that are naturally occurring and replenish.
• Beliefs and Convictions contribute to environmental stewardship by forging community linkages for nature preservation activities, educating people on proper waste segregation, practicing 7R, and saving energy.
• Biomass Power refers to energy derived from plant and animal sources, with Bagasse, rice husks, coconut husks, as well as landfill used to generate.
• The Iron Age, which spanned from 1200 B.C. to 600 B.C., saw the first production of steel by the Hittites in Turkey, the beginning of mass production, and major advancements in warfare.
• Antiquity, spanning from 600 B.C. to 529 CE, saw the rise of Greek civilization, the first scientists known as natural philosophers, and the recognition of Earth as a sphere by the Pythagoreans.
• The Socratic Philosophers, including Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, contributed knowledge through dialogues using the Socratic Method.
• Aristarchus originally proposed a Sun-centered universe (Heliocentrism), while Claudius Ptolemy calculated the size of Earth and its distance to the Moon, both in the context of the Earth-centered model (Geocentrism).
• Herophilus, Erasistratus, Euclid, and Archimedes were founders of Anatomy, Physiology, Modern Geometry, and Mathematics respectively.
• Sigmund Freud, the Founder of Psychoanalysis, emphasized the importance of childhood experiences and sex in the development of affective disorders and structured a model of ego psychology (id, ego, super-ego).
• César-François Cassini conducted the first national geographic survey, resulting in the first map produced according to modern principles.
• Alan Turing developed the Turing Machine, the basis for the first computer, and the Turing Test, a computer in one room that can communicate with humans in another room must be able to convince the humans that it is intelligent.
• The Metal Age had a significant influence in the lives of early Filipinos, developing tools in everyday life (planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing), making simple tools and weapons from stone, discovering the use of medicinal plants, weaving cotton, glass ornaments, and cultivating lowlands and field terraces in mountain regions.
• Isaac Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, introduced calculus together with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, and discovered the nature of white light.
• The Spanish Colonial Period marked the beginning of formal science and technology in the country, with the Spaniards establishing schools for boys and girls and introducing the concept of subjects and disciplines.
• The American Period and Post-Commonwealth Era saw science and technology in the Philippines advance rapidly due to an extensive public education system, granting of scholarships for higher education in science and engineering, organization of science research agencies, and establishment of science-based public services.
• Charles Darwin is the Father of Evolution, demonstrating that all living things evolved from earlier forms of life by the process of natural selection and publishing Origin of species.
• James Watt developed steam engines.