Genbio Q2

• Cellular Respiration is the conversion of chemical energy from biomolecules (glucose) to usable energy (ATP) through cellular respiration reactions.
• Mitochondrion is where the Cellular Respiration happens.
• Mitochondrion breaks the chemical bonds in glucose to release energy to do work in a cell.
• Mitochondrion has two membranes, an intermembrane space, a mitochondrial matrix, mitochondrial cristae (inner folds), and generates large quantities of energy in the form of ATP.
• ATP Synthase Complex, which consists of brown pin-like structures in the mitochondrion, is the process of cellular respiration.
• The process of cellular respiration involves Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Kreb’s Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation.
• Glycolysis, which happens outside the mitochondrion and instead happens in the cytoplasm, breaks down glucose into 2 three-carbon compounds and generates energy.
• Glycolysis is anaerobic and doesn’t use oxygen, therefore it is anaerobic.
• Glycolysis is a ten-step reaction consisting of two distinct phases: energy investment and energy payoff.
• The glycolytic pathway operates in the absence of oxygen.
• Coenzymes accept high energy electrons and protons in becoming its reduced form.
• NAD is the reduced form of NADH and FAD is the reduced form of FADH2.
• Enzymes are used in the process of cellular respiration.
• Hexokinase splits one of the 6-carbon compounds, used for Glucose-6-Phosphate.
• Phosphoglucose Isomerase is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA.
• Pyruvate Oxidation is the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA.
• Pyruvate Oxidation is a chemical cycle occurring in the mitochondrial matrix that involves a series of redox, dehydration, hydration, and decarboxylation reactions yielding two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH & FADH2.
• Krebs Cycle, also known as Citric Acid Cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, is a chemical cycle occurring in the mitochondrial matrix involving a series of redox, dehydration, hydration, and decarboxylation reactions yielding two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH & FADH2.
• During gamete formation of hybrid plants, the two alleles segregate.
• Alleles are alternative versions of a gene that account for variation in inherited characters.
• The law of Independent assortment states that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation.
• A Homozygous Allele is an organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a character.
• For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each parent, and the genetic locus is represented twice.
• To use a Punnett Square, determine the genotypes of the parent organisms, write down your "cross" (e.g. Gg x gg), draw a Punnett Square, split the letters of the genotype for each parent & put them "outside the Punnett Square, determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in each inner box, and summarize the results of the genotypes and phenotypes (genotypic ratio & phenotypic ratio).
• Genotype is an organism's genetic make-up; specific alleles in each chromosome.
• The union of parental gametes produces F, hybrids having a Pp combination.
• Each true-breeding plant of the P generation has two identical alleles, denoted as either PP or pp.
• A Heterozygous Allele is an organism that has two different alleles for a gene.
• Oxidative Phosphorylation, which occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, is the process of cellular respiration.
• Mendel observed the same pattern of inheritance in six other characters, each represented by two distinctly different traits.
• The law of Segregation states that two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes.
• Law of Independent Assortment: This law applies only to genes on different, non-homologous chromosomes.
• Each square in a Punnett Square represents an equally probable product of fertilization.
• Mendel developed the law of Independent assortment using dihybrid cross.
• It is named after Reginald C. Punnett who devised the approach in 1905.
• According to the Denver System, the sex chromosomes are named X and Y, while the autosomes are numbered in descending order, with the largest called chromosome 1 and the smallest chromosome 22.
• A Punnett Square shows all possible combinations of alleles in offspring that result from a cross between two F, hybrids (Pp x Pp).
• Phenotype is an organism's appearance or observable traits.
• The "heritable factor" for the recessive trait (white flowers) has not been destroyed, deleted nor blended in the F1 generation, but was merely masked by the presence of the factor for purple flowers, which is the dominant trait.
• If two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele determines the organism's appearance, while the recessive allele has no noticeable effect on the organism's appearance.