SNet

• Databases are application services that store data and information, process it, and enable users to retrieve it efficiently by using queries.
• Web Services are used to connect to the internet, and access files and information services provided by the internet servers.
• Coaxial cable is a type of transmission media that consists of a central conductor surrounded by one or more insulated layers.
• Power lines are a type of transmission media that carry electrical power.
• Error detection is the process of detecting errors in a digital signal.
• Analog transmission is a method of data transmission where the signal is continuously varying in amplitude.
• The functionality of the data-link layer includes error detection and correction.
• Flow control and error control are functions of the data link layer.
• Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of converting a digital signal to an analog signal.
• Twisted pair cable is a type of transmission media that consists of two insulated wires twisted together.
• Magnetic media include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, power lines, and fiber optics.
• The network layer provides layer-3 functionalities.
• Error correction is the process of correcting errors in a digital signal.
• Radio transmission, microwave transmission, infrared transmission, and light transmission are methods of wireless transmission.
• Analog-to-analog conversion is the process of converting an analog signal to a digital signal.
• Circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching are types of data link layer protocols.
• Fiber optics is a type of transmission media that uses light to transmit data.
• Types of errors include bit errors, frame errors, and over-run errors.
• Frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, wavelength division multiplexing, and code division multiplexing are types of multiplexing.
• MOSPF is a multicast open shortest path first routing protocol.
• Selective Flooding is an approach for flooding, which reduces the overhead on the network by selectively flooding on certain interfaces.
• Time to Live (TTL) can be used to avoid infinite looping of packets.
• PIM is a protocol independent multicast protocol with two flavors: PIM Dense Mode and PIM Sparse Mode.
• In real world scenario, networks under same administration are generally scattered geographically and there may exist requirement of connecting two different networks of same kind as well as of different kinds.
• Routing protocols which are used within an organization or administration are called Interior Gateway Protocols or IGP.
• The optimal tree in multicast routing is called the shortest path spanning tree.
• Routing between two networks is called internetworking.
• Exterior Gateway Protocol is used for routing between different organizations or administrations.
• Packet Fragmentation is a mechanism by which a data packet is broken into smaller pieces and then forwarded if the packet is larger than the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the transit network.
• Flooding is the simplest method of packet forwarding, where when a packet is received, the routers send it to all the interfaces except the one on which it was received.
• Multicast routing protocols use trees, while unicast routing protocols use graphs.
• CBT is a core based tree routing protocol.
• DVMRP is a distance vector multicast routing protocol.
• Tunneling is a mechanism by which two or more same networks communicate with each other, bypassing intermediate networking complexities.
• An IP address is a Layer-3 (Network Layer) logical address that may change every time a computer restarts.
• Internet is the best example of largest Hybrid topology.
• Each link in daisy chain topology represents single point of failure.
• In mesh topology, hosts work as relays for other hosts which do not have direct point-to-point links.
• To connect one more host in the existing ring structure, the administrator may need only one more extra cable.
• Mesh technology comes in two types: Full Mesh, where all hosts have a point-to-point connection to every other host, and Partially Mesh, where not all hosts have point-to-point connection to every other host.