human biology

• Mitochondria are responsible for producing energy in the form of ATP through cellular respiration.
• I know that bone is made of flexible fibres and hard minerals
• I know that bone is a living tissue.
• I know that the meeting between two bones is a joint.
• I know the difference between a ball and socket and hinge joint.
• I know a ball a socket joint has more than one plane of movement e.g. shoulder or hip joint.
• I know a hinge joint has 1 plane of movement e.g. elbow or knee joint.
• I know what the fluid in joints is called and why it is there
• I know what muscle pairs are called and how they work together
• Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
• Simple carbohydrates are different from complex carbohydrates in terms of their structure and function.
• Iodine is the test for the complex carbohydrate starch.
• Benedict’s solution can be used to indicate the presence of sugars.
• Proteins are made from long chains of amino acids.
• Proteins are used for growth and repair.
• Sudan stain can be used to detect fats (lipids), and two distinct layers will form.
• A fat molecule contains a glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
• Vitamins and minerals are required for a healthy diet.
• Our body needs various nutrients and these are used for specific functions.
• Amino acids are used to make proteins and for growth and repair.
• Energy is released from food through respiration.
• Energy is stored as the high energy compound ATP.
• Glucose + oxygen + 38 ADP + 38 Pi → CO 2 + H 2 0 + 38 ATP.
• In the absence of oxygen, the fermentation pathway takes place.
• The process of phosphorylation is the addition and removal of a Pi (phosphate), to create energy.
• The uses for energy produced in the body include various bodily functions.
• In animals, the fermentation pathway produces lactic acid.
• In plants, fermentation pathway (anaerobic respiration) produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
• A catalyst speeds up/increases the rate of a reaction without being used up itself.
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• The substrates will no longer fit the active site of a denatured enzyme.
• Enzymes speed up reactions in living things and are very important for life.
• The structure of a denatured enzyme has been irreversibly damaged.
• Denatured refers to an enzyme that has lost its activity due to excess heat.
• I know where skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissues are found
• I know the names of the three types of muscle tissue
• I can explain how muscles contract to move body parts
• Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tendons and allow us to move our limbs.
• Skeletal muscles attach to bones by tendons
• I can describe what happens when a nerve impulse reaches a motor neuron ending at a muscle fibre