SCIENCE 2nd Trime Chapter Test

• Biotic: living organisms
• Abiotic: non living, physical environment
• Ecological Niche: refers to roles performed by the different members of the community
• Ecosystem: interaction between the living organisms and the physical environment
• Biotic Components:

  • producers
  • consumers
  • decomposers
• Producers: autotrophs

  Consumers: heterotrophs

  Decomposers: heterotrophs
• Autotrophs: have the ability to make their own good from inorganic substances
• Heterotrophs: depend on other organisms for nutrition
• Macroconsumers: large consumers

  Microconsumers: tiny consumers
• Phagotrophs: eat others as food
• • Producers - green plants
  • Consumers: 1st order - herbivores
  • 2nd order - carnivores
  • 3rd order - omnivores
  • Decomposers - bacteria, fungi
• Decomposers: feed on dead organic matter and break down complex organic substances into simpler forms that can be reused by the producers
• Food chain: process of eating and being eaten
• Trophic level: each step in the food chain
• Food chain:

  • 1st trophic level - producers
  • 2nd trophic level - herbivores
  • 3rd trophic level - herbivore eating carnivored
• Food web: pattern of relationships where several food chains are interlinked
• Ecological Relationship: relationship/interaction between organisms in an environment
• Ecological Relationships:

  • Predation
  • Competition
  • Commensalism
  • Parasitism
  • Mutualism
• Predation: one organism eats another organism to obtain nutrients. The one being eatin is called the prey
• Competition: when individuals or populations compete for the same resource and can occur between or within species

  • interference - compete for territory
  • preemptive - first come first serve
• Commensalism: one organism benefits while the other is neither helped nor harmed

  • Chemical - when one bacteria produces a chemical that sustains the other bacteria
  • Inquilinism - when one organism lives in a dwelling place of another species
  • Metabiosis - one species is dependent on the other for survival
  • Phoresy - one organism temporarily attaches other organism for transportation
• Parasitism: one organism benefits and the other is harmed

  • ectoparasites (ticks and leeches) - surface of the host
  • endoparasites (intestinal worms) - inside the host
• Mutualism: both species benefit from each other

  • Trophic mutualism - consists of fungi and either algae or cyanobacteria. The fungi's partners provide sugar from photosynthesis and the fungi provide nutrients from digesting rock.
  • Defensive mutualism - one organism provides protection while the other provides food or shelter
  • Dispersive mutualism - bees and flowers
• Biodiversity: a variety of species exist in all ecosystems
• Examples of biodiversity:

  • plant
  • insect
  • animal
  • fungi
  • bacteria