Observation studies

• What is the primary method used in observational studies?

  A researcher watches or listens to participants
• What are the types of observation in observational research?

  • Naturalistic observation
  • Controlled observation
  • Covert observation
  • Overt observation
  • Participant observation
  • Non-participant observation
• What is naturalistic observation?

  Recorded in a place where it normally occurs
• When is controlled observation used?

  When a level of control is needed
• What is covert observation?

  Participants are not aware their behaviour is recorded
• What is overt observation?

  Participants are told in advance about the observation
• What is participant observation?

  The researcher becomes part of the group studied
• What is non-participant observation?

  The researcher remains separate from the group studied
• How are categories of behaviour established in observational studies?

  • Break target behaviour into observable categories
  • Categories should be obvious and countable
  • Example: Flirting behaviours can include:
  • Eye contact
  • Smiling
  • Laughing
  • Touching
• What is interobserver reliability?

  Two observers produce the same record of behaviour
• How is interobserver reliability established?

  Observers compare their data after recording
• What is a strength of observational studies?

  They provide greater validity than questionnaires
• Why do observational studies enhance validity?

  They are based on actual behaviour, not self-reports
• What is a weakness of observational studies regarding ethics?

  Consent may not be obtained in public places
• What is observer bias?

  Observer's expectations influence what they see
• How does observer bias affect observational studies?

  It can lead to a lack of validity in observations