Theories in Psychology

• Learning theories

  B.F.Skinner
• Learning theories

  • Classical conditioning

  • Operant conditioning
• Social theories -> imitation/observation theory

  Albert Bandura
• Self eficancy theories

  Albert Bandura
• Cognitive learning theory

  Jean Piaget
• Mason & Lazarus

  Stress theory
• Maslow Hierarchy

  Humanistic theory
• Classical conditioning

  • Based on stimulus and response
  • Involuntary reflex
• Example classical conditioning

  • Fear response
  • Taste aversion
  • Addiction / craving
• Implication classical conditioning on health

  • Help to perceive threat and avoid any danger
  • Can treat phobias and anxiety with recognition of stimulus
• Operant conditioning

  not automatic or behaviour is followed by as consequences of previous event
• Operant conditioning

  Reinforcement to increase behaviour
• Positive

  • Strengthen behaviour
  • Give reward
• Negative

  -decrease the behaviour

  • " take away"
• Cognitive development stages

  • Sensorimotor stages
  • Preoperational stages
  • Concrete operational stages
  • Formal operational stages
• Tend to be egocentric

  Preoperational stage
• Think logically about concrete event

  Concrete operational
• Think on solving and reason by hypothetical problem

  Formal operational stage
• Albert Bandura

  • Learn by observing behaviour of other person
  • Learning can occur without a change of behaviour
  • Learn through modelling
• Role model demonstrates behaviour which is perceived by the learner

  • Attention (consider)
  • Retention (remember)
  • Reproduction (act out)
  • Motivation (support)
• Self efficacy

  • Sociocultural influences
  • Cultural orientation
• 4 sources of self efficacy

  • Mastery experiences
  • Vicarious learning
  • Verbal persuasion
  • Psychological and affective states
• Maslow Hierarchy of needs

  • Caring
  • Patient centredness
• Punishment in operant conditioning aims to

  Decrease the likehood of behaviour occuring again
• Definition of stress

  Stress is psychological and physiological reaction to situation
• 4 response of stress

  Physiological change

  Psychological response

  Effects behaviour

  Effects on cognitive performance
• Internal stressor

  1. Personality
  2. Perception
  3. Belief
  4. Expectation
  5. Locus of control
• External stressor

  1. Daily hassel
  2. Major life event
  3. Trauma / Disaster
• Mason

  Psychological factors
• Lazarus theory

  • Primary appraisal - shaped by person belief, values and goals
  • Secondary appraisal - person evaluation of options for coping
• Problem-focused coping

  • Rational approach
  • Alter or manage source
  • Change stressful situation through problem solving, decision-making or direct action
• Emotion-Focused coping

  • Tend to make themselves feel better
  • To manage emotions
  • Regulate distressing emotion
• Meaning-Focused coping

  Regulates positive emotion
• Function of meaning-focused coping

  • Restore resources for coping
  • Transform threat appraisals into challenge appraisal
  • Motivate and sustain coping efforts over long term
• Coping woth stress by psychological control

  • Behavioural control
  • Cognitive control
• 4 basic function

  • Emotional support
  • Information support
  • Material support
  • Social companionship
• Personality traits which moderate stress (4)

  1. Optimism
  2. Self-concept
  3. Self-esteem
  4. Hostility
• Locus control

  Internal locus control - perceive the stressful event are result of own effect

  Externl locus control - perceived the stressful evenfs result of other