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Medical sociology
Theories in Psychology
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Cards (38)
Learning theories
B.F.Skinner
Learning theories
•
Classical
conditioning
•
Operant
conditioning
Social theories -> imitation/observation theory
Albert Bandura
Self eficancy theories
Albert Bandura
Cognitive learning theory
Jean
Piaget
Mason & Lazarus
Stress
theory
Maslow
Hierarchy
Humanistic theory
Classical conditioning
Based on
stimulus
and
response
Involuntary
reflex
Example
classical
conditioning
Fear
response
Taste
aversion
Addiction
/
craving
Implication classical conditioning on health
Help to perceive
threat
and avoid any
danger
Can treat
phobias
and
anxiety
with recognition of
stimulus
Operant conditioning
not
automatic
or behaviour is followed by as
consequences
of previous event
Operant conditioning
Reinforcement
to
increase
behaviour
Positive
Strengthen
behaviour
Give
reward
Negative
-decrease
the behaviour
"
take
away"
Cognitive development stages
Sensorimotor
stages
Preoperational
stages
Concrete
operational stages
Formal
operational stages
Tend to be egocentric
Preoperational
stage
Think logically about concrete event
Concrete
operational
Think on solving and reason by hypothetical problem
Formal operational
stage
Albert Bandura
Learn by
observing
behaviour of other person
Learning can occur without a
change
of behaviour
Learn through
modelling
Role model demonstrates behaviour which is perceived by the learner
Attention
(consider)
Retention
(remember)
Reproduction
(act out)
Motivation
(support)
Self efficacy
Sociocultural
influences
Cultural
orientation
4 sources of self efficacy
Mastery
experiences
Vicarious
learning
Verbal
persuasion
Psychological
and
affective
states
Maslow Hierarchy of needs
Caring
Patient
centredness
Punishment in operant conditioning aims to
Decrease
the
likehood
of
behaviour
occuring again
Definition of stress
Stress is
psychological
and
physiological
reaction to situation
4 response of stress
Physiological
change
Psychological
response
Effects
behaviour
Effects on
cognitive
performance
Internal stressor
Personality
Perception
Belief
Expectation
Locus
of
control
External stressor
Daily
hassel
Major
life
event
Trauma
/
Disaster
Mason
Psychological
factors
Lazarus theory
Primary
appraisal - shaped by person belief, values and goals
Secondary
appraisal - person evaluation of options for coping
Problem-focused
coping
Rational approach
Alter or manage source
Change stressful situation through problem solving, decision-making or direct action
Emotion-Focused
coping
Tend to make themselves feel better
To manage emotions
Regulate distressing emotion
Meaning-Focused coping
Regulates
positive
emotion
Function of meaning-focused coping
Restore
resources for
coping
Transform
threat
appraisals into
challenge
appraisal
Motivate
and
sustain
coping efforts over
long
term
Coping woth stress by psychological control
Behavioural
control
Cognitive
control
4 basic function
Emotional
support
Information
support
Material
support
Social
companionship
Personality traits which moderate stress (4)
Optimism
Self-concept
Self-esteem
Hostility
Locus control
Internal
locus control - perceive the stressful event are result of
own
effect
Externl
locus control - perceived the stressful evenfs result of
other