Theories in Psychology

Cards (38)

  • Learning theories
    B.F.Skinner
  • Learning theories
    Classical conditioning
    Operant conditioning
  • Social theories -> imitation/observation theory
    Albert Bandura
  • Self eficancy theories
    Albert Bandura
  • Cognitive learning theory
    Jean Piaget
  • Mason & Lazarus
    Stress theory
  • Maslow Hierarchy
    Humanistic theory
  • Classical conditioning
    • Based on stimulus and response
    • Involuntary reflex
  • Example classical conditioning
    • Fear response
    • Taste aversion
    • Addiction / craving
  • Implication classical conditioning on health
    • Help to perceive threat and avoid any danger
    • Can treat phobias and anxiety with recognition of stimulus
  • Operant conditioning
    not automatic or behaviour is followed by as consequences of previous event
  • Operant conditioning
    Reinforcement to increase behaviour
  • Positive
    • Strengthen behaviour
    • Give reward
  • Negative
    -decrease the behaviour
    • " take away"
  • Cognitive development stages
    • Sensorimotor stages
    • Preoperational stages
    • Concrete operational stages
    • Formal operational stages
  • Tend to be egocentric
    Preoperational stage
  • Think logically about concrete event
    Concrete operational
  • Think on solving and reason by hypothetical problem
    Formal operational stage
  • Albert Bandura
    • Learn by observing behaviour of other person
    • Learning can occur without a change of behaviour
    • Learn through modelling
  • Role model demonstrates behaviour which is perceived by the learner
    • Attention (consider)
    • Retention (remember)
    • Reproduction (act out)
    • Motivation (support)
  • Self efficacy
    • Sociocultural influences
    • Cultural orientation
  • 4 sources of self efficacy
    • Mastery experiences
    • Vicarious learning
    • Verbal persuasion
    • Psychological and affective states
  • Maslow Hierarchy of needs
    • Caring
    • Patient centredness
  • Punishment in operant conditioning aims to
    Decrease the likehood of behaviour occuring again
  • Definition of stress
    Stress is psychological and physiological reaction to situation
  • 4 response of stress
    Physiological change
    Psychological response
    Effects behaviour
    Effects on cognitive performance
  • Internal stressor
    1. Personality
    2. Perception
    3. Belief
    4. Expectation
    5. Locus of control
  • External stressor
    1. Daily hassel
    2. Major life event
    3. Trauma / Disaster
  • Mason
    Psychological factors
  • Lazarus theory
    • Primary appraisal - shaped by person belief, values and goals
    • Secondary appraisal - person evaluation of options for coping
  • Problem-focused coping
    • Rational approach
    • Alter or manage source
    • Change stressful situation through problem solving, decision-making or direct action
  • Emotion-Focused coping
    • Tend to make themselves feel better
    • To manage emotions
    • Regulate distressing emotion
  • Meaning-Focused coping
    Regulates positive emotion
  • Function of meaning-focused coping
    • Restore resources for coping
    • Transform threat appraisals into challenge appraisal
    • Motivate and sustain coping efforts over long term
  • Coping woth stress by psychological control
    • Behavioural control
    • Cognitive control
  • 4 basic function
    • Emotional support
    • Information support
    • Material support
    • Social companionship
  • Personality traits which moderate stress (4)
    1. Optimism
    2. Self-concept
    3. Self-esteem
    4. Hostility
  • Locus control
    Internal locus control - perceive the stressful event are result of own effect
    Externl locus control - perceived the stressful evenfs result of other