THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• The respiratory system is responsible for the exchange of gases between the body's internal environment and external environment.
• Your respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. This system helps your body absorb oxygen from the air so your organs can work. It also cleans waste gases, such as carbon dioxide, from

  your blood.
• Ventilation - The mechanical act act or process of moving

  air in/out of the lungs.

  Has 2 components: INHALATION and EXHALATION
• RESPIRATION Refers to the process of gas exchange between

  the alveoli and the capillaries
• Diffusion is defined as the movement of a solute/substance

  from an area of high to low concentration

  Exchange of CO2 and O2
• UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

  Consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx and the larynx

  The main function of these structures is to allow us to

  ventilate and produce sound (phonation)

  not a site of gas exchange
• NARES/NOSTRILS

  are the external openings of the respiratory system; signal the

  beginning of the nasal cavity

  
  

  NOSE

  has nares and a nasal cavity for the passageway of air.

  
  

  The nasal cavity is lined with:

  1. nose hairs: Vibrissae

  2. mucous cells: Columnar Epithelial Cells

  3. nerve receptors: olfactory nerve endings
• purpose of nose:

  Filters and humidifies air
• PHARYNX/THROAT

  is a Greek term that literally means throat

  This is a common area for food and air
• 3 divisions of the PHARYNX include

  1. Nasopharynx

  2. Oropharynx

  3. Laryngopharynx
• LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

  aka tracheobronchial tree

  
  

  The major passages and structures of the lower respiratory tract

  include the windpipe (trachea) and within the lungs, the bronchi,

  bronchioles, and alveoli. contains 23 generations

  where the site of gas exchange occurs
• ALVEOLI

  structural unit of the lungs

  specific site where gas exchange occurs

  300 M total
• Right Lung

  2 fissures

  3 lobes

  shorter and stouter
• Left Lung

  1 fissures

  2 lobes

  has a cardiac notch

  Longer and leaner
• LUNG TISSUE LAYERS:

  VISCERAL PLEURA

  This protective membrane

  covers the lungs itself and all

  of it’s fissures
• LUNG TISSUE LAYERS:

  PARIETAL PLEURA

  Membrane that covers the inner part of the thoracic cavity and covers both the heart and the lungs
• RIBCAGE

  aka thoracic cavity, chest cavity, thorax

  protects vital organs and

  structures such as your heart,

  lungs, and diaphragm

  humans have 12 pairs of ribs
• TRUE RIBS: 1-7

  FALSE RIBS: 8-10

  FLOATING RIBS: 11-12
• The muscle for normal and quiet

  inhalation is the diaphragm
• The muscle for normal and quiet

  exhalation is- NONE.
• The Medulla Oblongata and Pons are

  responsible for respiratory control in

  the Nervous System
• Normal rate of breathing:

  12 to 20 cycles per minute
• LUNG VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

  the volume of air that can be stored inside

  the lungs at any given phase of the

  respiratory cycle
• TIDAL VOLUME

  amount of air

  inhaled/exhaled

  with each normal breath

  500mL
• RESIDUAL VOLUME

  amount of air left

  inside the lungs after

  maximal exhalation

  1,500 mL
• TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY (TLC)

  amount of air that the lungs can accommodate

  maximally

  5000-6000 mL
• SPIROMETER: a device that can measure the amount of air inhaled or exhaled
• LARYNX this is also known as your voice box Contains a structure that ensures that only air and not foreign substances will enter the trachea or windpipe (epiglottis)
• TRACHEA (WINDPIPe): A tube made up of cartilage rings that connects the larynx to the bronchi.
• BRONCHI: The two main branches of the trachea that lead into the right and left lung
• Bronchial tree: series of branching tubes within the lungs that end with tiny sacs called alveoli where gas exchange occurs
• CAPILLARIES: Tiny vessels that transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body
• CAPILLARIES: network of vessels that surround the alveoli