Milgram A03

• What should students be prepared to do beyond general evaluation of Milgram's study?

  Discuss strengths/weaknesses of recruitment or genuineness of reactions
• How should Gina Perry's criticisms of Milgram be used when answering questions about the study?

  To evaluate standardised procedures and credibility of conclusions
• How might volunteers demonstrate a lack of generalisability in Milgram's study?

  They may be more obedient than the general population
• How can the behavior of volunteers be considered representative of real-life situations?

  They take procedures seriously like people in power misuse situations
• How can anomalies affect a study?

  They might spoil the results
• What are some limitations of Milgram's original sample?

  It was all-male and all-American
• What is meant by Milgram's study being "time-locked"?

  It reflects a deferential culture of the 1960s
• Approximately how many participants did Milgram test across all variations?

  780 people
• Why might rebellious individuals have a disproportionate impact in some of Milgram's variations?

  Some variations tested few participants
• In Variation #8, what obedience level was found in women?

  65%
• What does the obedience level of women in Variation #8 suggest?

  The original sample was representative
• What do cross-cultural variations on Milgram's study generally show?

  High levels of obedience
• In Meeus & Raaijmakers' (1986) study, what percentage of participants showed obedience in the Netherlands?

  92%
• How did Meeus & Raaijmakers' study differ from Milgram's?

  They used insults rather than electric shocks
• What obedience rate did Burger (2009) find?

  70%
• Up to what voltage did Burger (2009) order participants to go?

  150V
• What makes Milgram's procedure reliable?

  It can be replicated
• How many variations of his baseline study did Milgram carry out?

  19
• What variations did Burger replicate?

  Variations #5, #17 and #8
• What aspects of Milgram's study contributes to high inter-rater reliability?

  Filmed parts of his study
• What features contribute to a standardised procedure in Milgram's study?

  Pre-scripted prods, tape-recorded responses, no sight of learner
• What is Gina Perry's criticism of Milgram's standardised procedures?

  Milgram did not follow standardised procedures
• What did John Williams admit to Gina Perry about the "prods"?

  He was free to improvise afterwards
• According to Perry, what effect did improvising the "prods" have?

  Obedience in the Variations seemed higher
• How can Milgram's study be applied to increase obedience in real-world settings?

  Authority figures wearing symbols and justify authority
• What event did Milgram (1974) link his findings to?

  The My Lai massacre
• In what year did the My Lai massacre occur?

  1968
• Who gave the orders in the My Lai massacre?

  Lt William Calley
• What explanation did Lt. Calley give for his actions?

  He was only following orders
• What other factor, besides obedience, contributed to the My Lai massacre?

  Intergroup conflict
• How could tragedies like the My Lai massacre be prevented in the future?

  Soldiers trained to report/refuse war crime orders
• What is a criticism of Milgram’s study regarding ecological validity?

  The task is artificial
• What was Milgram's counter-argument to the ecological validity criticism?

  Events like the Holocaust were just as strange
• What claim do some critics make about the participants' behavior in Milgram's study?

  They were play-acting
• Who wrote "Behind The Shock Machine"?

  Gina Perry
• What does Perry challenge about Milgram's procedures?

  Validity, generalisability, and reliability
• According to Perry, why did Milgram twist the data?

  To make himself famous
• What specific behavior by Mr. Williams does Perry criticize in Variation #8?

  Not letting women back out after 4 prods
• What did Milgram supposedly want to prove with Variation #8?

  Men and women both experience Agentic State
• If Perry's accusations are correct, what would this make Milgram's claim that women were as obedient as men?

  Invalid