Attachment

• What do infants and caregivers develop in attachment?

  Deep and lasting emotional bonds
• What is a key aspect of the emotional relationship between caregiver and infant?

  Closeness and security
• What is reciprocity in caregiver-infant interactions similar to?

  A conversation
• What do both caregiver and infant contribute to the interaction?

  Responding to each other's signals
• What is interactional synchrony characterized by?

  Rhythmic, coordinated behavior
• What matching behaviors are present in interactional synchrony?

  Coordinated behavior and emotional states
• What does imitation refer to in caregiver-infant interactions?

  Infant directly copies caregiver's expression
• What is sensitive responsiveness?

  Adult correctly interprets infant's communication
• What did Meltzoff and Moore's experiment investigate?

  Infant imitation of facial gestures
• What age range were the infants in Meltzoff and Moore's study?

  12 to 21 days old
• What did Meltzoff and Moore's findings suggest about infants?

  Ability to observe and reciprocate through imitation
• What did Condon and Sander's 1974 study focus on?

  Neonates' movements in response to adult speech
• What did Condon and Sander's study provide evidence of?

  Interactional synchrony and coordination
• What do many studies use to provide inter-rater reliability?

  Multiple observers blind to aims
• What provides high internal validity in caregiver-infant interaction research?

  Complex camera systems
• Why is it difficult to interpret infant behavior?

  Infants cannot directly communicate thoughts
• What is a concern when investigating child rearing techniques?

  Social sensitivity
• What do findings in caregiver-infant interaction research depend on?

  Inferences about infant's internal states
• What might some women feel when investigating caregiver-infant interactions?

  Their life choices scrutinized
• What characterizes the asocial stage of attachment?

  Innate behaviors ensure proximity to caregivers
• What do babies display in the asocial stage?

  Innate behaviors like crying and smiling
• What is the key development in the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Ability to differentiate familiar from unfamiliar individuals
• How do infants show preference in the indiscriminate attachment stage?

  Smiling more at familiar people
• What characterizes the specific attachment stage?

  Strong attachment to a primary caregiver forms
• What anxieties develop during the specific attachment stage?

  Separation and stranger anxiety
• What happens in the multiple attachment stage?

  Infant forms attachments with other caregivers
• What happens to stranger anxiety in the multiple attachment stage?

  Starts to decrease
• Who conducted a longitudinal observation of 60 babies from Glasgow?

  Schaffer and Emerson
• In Schaffer and Emerson's study, when did separation anxiety occur in most babies?

  25 to 32 weeks
• In Schaffer and Emerson's study, when did stranger anxiety typically begin?

  One month after separation anxiety
• What percentage of infants had developed multiple attachments in the 18-month follow-up of Schaffer and Emerson's study?

  87%
• What did Schaffer and Emerson's results suggest about development?

  Occurs in stages outlined by Schaffer
• What influences the strength of attachment between infants and their mothers?

  Quality of caregiver-infant interaction
• What type of realism does Schaffer and Emerson's study have?

  High level of mundane realism
• Why might the sample in Schaffer and Emerson's study lack generalizability?

  Only included working-class mothers
• Why might Schaffer and Emerson's study lack temporal validity?

  Study was in 1960s Glasgow
• What percentage of infants had formed an attachment with their father at 18 months in Schaffer's study?

  75%
• What does separation anxiety shown to fathers suggest?

  Fathers play an important role
• How are fathers seen to encourage babies?

  Active play activities
• What is stimulation thought to encourage?

  Risk-taking behaviors