Reform

• Progressivism - wanted reform against US government and big businesses
• Muckrakers - fiction and nonfiction writers who write about societal problems to educate others and bring about change

  • Rake up muck about society and poor living conditions


  Books:

  • How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis
  • Maggie: A Girl of the Streets by Stephen Crane
  • The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
  • The History of the Standard Oil Company by Ida Tarbell
  • The Treason of the Senate by David Graham Phillips
• The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

  • What sticks with people is how filthy the meat plants are and the quality of what they're consuming

  Meat Inspection Act - can't sell rotten and unsanitary food

  Pure Food and Drug Act - requires truthfully labeled ingredients
• The Treason of the Senate by David Graham Phillips

  Senators were chosen by state governments, not by the people. Led to a spoils system where they only had to do right by the government, didn't care about the people
• States raise compulsory attendance age of schools (have to be in school for longer.

  • Schools didn't start until after labor day so they could be part of farming
  • Debates over what students should learn in schools (science, art, vocation, etc. )

  By end of Progressive Era students had to be in school until 8th grade
• John Dewey - his research leads to added classes in social study, history, political science, etc., because it promotes critical thinking
• Florence Kelley - pushes to end child labor, successfully ends child labor in Illinois and tries to end it on a national labor, found Federal Children's Bureau 


  Federal Children's Bureau - look to solve problems with children and women, but they only look at white children in cities.
• Keating-Owens Act - 1916, bans child labor


  Hammer v. Dagenhart - 1918, overthrows the act, calls it unconstitutional
• Voting system is faulty. No secret votes, some ballots come pre-filled, people might change your vote or threaten you if you vote for someone else
• Fighting Bob - Robert LaFollette, Advocated for populist policies in Wisconsin, other states followed suit

  • Direct Primary - Voters select their party candidates, gives people more power
  • Initiative - Bypass laws (only on a state level). Citizens can pass laws without government interference, has to be approved of
  • Referendum - Same as Initiative but written by a Congress member instead of a citizen
  • Recall - (only on a state level) If an official makes a promise they don't keep then the citizens can remove them and put someone else in office
• • 17th Amendment - Senators are elected by citizens not state government
  • Australian Ballot - aka Secret Ballot, allows citizens to vote in private, protects voter's privacy
  • Galveston Plan - Hurricane in Galveston, TX destroys the city and kills everyone. Created a city council (-ish thing) to spread the burden in times of crisis
• National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
• Older Generation - joined the suffrage movement when it's founders were still alive

  • Upper-Class
  • Society Women (charities, galas)
  • State-by-State Campaigns (small states gave women the right to vote easily)
  • Cary Chapman Catt


  Newer Generation - young adults, fed up because they haven't seen any change in years

  • College Educated
  • more Radical
  • wants National Amendment
  • Alice Paul
• Alice Paul - Quaker, went to a college in England and got involved in the Women's Suffrage movement there.


  The British Suffrage Movement was very violent
• Woodrow Wilson's inauguration is overshadowed by a women's suffrage protest that turned into a riot. 


  Catt gets mad at Paul so Paul quits and found the National Women's Party (NWP)
• The NWP pickets outside of the White House which is seen as disrespectful and aggressive. When WWI starts they don't stop picketing and use Wilson's quotes against him.

  The women start getting arrested for obstruction of traffic to stop them from picketing.
• Paul goes to the front lines to picket and gets arrested. In jail she starts a hunger strike.

  • The prison starts force feeding Paul so that she doesn't die
  • Once Paul is released she starts telling people about what happened in prison

  All of this is making Wilson look bad.

  • Catt goes to Wilson and convinces him to let women vote so that Paul stops making him look bad
• Wilson goes to Congress and tells them to pass the law (Suffrage)

  • 32/48 states have to ratify
  • It comes down to Tennessee whose politicians keep going back and forth 


  19th Amendment - 1920, Women's Suffrage
• More evidence comes out supporting De Bois' more "radical" views

  Two educated black businessmen were lynched
• Niagara Movement - De Bois platform beliefs

  • Criminal Justice Reform
  • Full Voter Access
  • Equal Education
  • Equal Civil Rights
  • etc.
• Niagara Movement evolves and Booker has no choice but to support it, the movement turns into The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)


  Most Founders of NAACP were white with the exception of Ida B. Wells and W.E.B. Du Bois
• Ida B. Wells - leads NAACP movement to end lynching. She investigates and documents lynching on a national scale


  The Red Record - Source about Lynching, written by Wells
• Women's Christian Temperance Union


  Anti Saloon League
• • Alcohol leads to abuse and laziness
  • Immigrants are alcoholics
• 18th Amendment - bans production and distribution of alcohol

  • Because it's a federal law, federal agents have to enforce it


  Volstead Act - Allowed states to prosecute people for drinking alcohol
• There are many work-related accidents because of long hours, poor lighting and ventilation, poorly set up factories, and unsafe machines
• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire - 1911, the workers (women) were locked in the factory, so they wouldn't leave, when a fire broke out. One elevator of people escaped but everyone else (154 people) died. 


  Led NY only to industrial reform

  • Lochner v. NY - overturned most of NY's industrial reform laws