Introduction to Patterns of Inheritance/Genetics

• Insertions are mutations in which extra base pairs are inserted into a new place in the DNA.
• Deletions are mutations in which a section of DNA is lost, or deleted.
• A karyotype is a preparation of the complete set of chromosomes in the cells of an individual organism, sorted by length, centromere location and other features.
• Karyotyping is the process by which a karyotype is prepared from photographs of chromosomes, in order to determine the number of chromosomes and any abnormalities.
• 1. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a universal molecule in all life on Earth.
• It serves as the code dictating the shape and structure of living organism
• This breakthrough enabled a profound understanding of reproduction and inheritance.
• James Watson and Francis Crick's DNA model revealed the "secret of life."
• The known DNA structure clarified its ability to divide, replicate, and pass on information.
• DNA is a macromolecule composed of repeating nucleotide units.
• Nucleotides consist of a phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and a base.
• Adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine are the four bases forming a genetic code.
• The sequence of bases in DNA determines the organism's characteristics.
• The structure of DNA is a double helix formed by two chains of nucleotides.
• These chains are held together by the bonding of bases, creating the genetic code.
• The structure composed of one nucleic acid, one phosphate, and one deoxyribose is called a nucleotide.
• Cytosine pairs with guanine among the nucleic acids
• Guanine pairs with cytosine.
• Thymine pairs with adenine.
• Adenine pairs with thymine
• The arrangement of the two complementary DNA strands is referred to as "anti-parallel."
• The phosphate and deoxyribose sugar are the two parts of a nucleotide that form the "backbone" of the DNA molecule
• Dihybrid crosses involve the simultaneous inheritance of two different traits.
• Each trait is controlled by a separate gene located on different chromosomes.
• 1. The principle of independent assortment states that alleles for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
• Punnett squares are commonly used to predict the outcomes of dihybrid crosses.
• The multiplication rule is applied to calculate the probability of inheriting specific combinations of alleles for two traits.
• Dihybrid crosses contribute to understanding the genetic diversity and assortment of traits in offspring.
• The phenotypic ratio resulting from a dihybrid cross is 9:3:3:1, following Mendel's law of segregation and independent assortment.
• 1. Dihybrid crosses provide insights into the genetic basis of complex traits controlled by multiple genes.
• Genetics is the study of genes, heredity, and the variation of inherited traits in living organisms.
• Genes are segments of DNA that encode instructions for the synthesis of proteins and influence an organism's characteristics.
• Inheritance patterns follow Mendel's laws, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
• The genome is the entire set of genetic material present in an organism.
• Genotypes represent the genetic makeup of an individual, while phenotypes are the observable traits influenced by genes.
• 1. Alleles are alternative forms of a gene, and their combinations determine variations in traits.
• Genetic mutations can lead to variations and contribute to evolution over time.
• Genetic disorders result from abnormal variations or mutations in the DNA sequence.
• Population genetics examines the distribution of genetic variations within and among populations.
• Genetic diversity is crucial for the adaptation and survival of species in changing environments.