Development psychological

• Moral theories

  • Kohlberg theory
  • Gilligan theory
• Lawrence Kohlberg

  Moral development
• 3 level of moral development

  1. Self centered
  2. The conventional level group centered
  3. Post conventional level internalized-truth-centered
• Pre-conventional


  Use own desires as the basis of moral judgement
• Conventional


  Follow societal standard when make moral judgement
• Post-conventional (more personal) 


  Consider right and needs of other
• Stages (6)

  Stage 1 : Fear of punishment avoidance and obedience

  Stage 2 : obtain rewards / exchange lf favours Stage 3 : "Good boy-good girl " Stage 4 : Law and order Stage 5 : social contract Stage 6 : Universal ethical principles-integrity
• Criticism of Kohlberg theory

  • Bias toward men
  • Conservative
  • Discrepancy between moral reasoning and behavior
  • Overemphasis on Justice
  • Age bias
• How Kohlberg theory being applied in nursing practice

  • Understand patient moral reasoning
  • Ethical decision-making
  • Patient education
  • Professional development
• A patient lying to health care professionals about symptoms or medic history to avoud getting into trouble


  Obedience and punishment
• A nurse disclosing an error made in patient care because afraid of punishment

  Obedience and punishment
• A patient declining a treatment optio because they believe the potential risk

  Self interest,individualism and exchange
• A nurse collaborate with colleagues

  Self interest,individualism and exchange
• A patient seeking medical treatment for a condition

  Conformity and interpersinak relationship (good-boy good- girl)
• A nurse seeking input from collegues on patient care decision

  Good-boy good girl
• A patient follow all healthcare protocols

  Social order
• A nurse emphasize high value on teamwork and collaboration

  Social order
• A patient questioning their doctor treatment

  Social contract and individual rights
• A patient participate in medical research or treatment protocols controversial or outside the mainstream

  Universal principles
• In Kohlberg conventional level,what is the focus of stage 3?

  Good interpersonal relationship
• Fowler emphasize on

  Commitment that people should have to development of faith
• Fowler describe faith as

  • Coherence and direction (purpose)
  • Shared trust and loyalties (bonding with communities)
  • Grounding personal stance (personal belief and values)
  • Facing life's challenges (ups and down)
• Stages in faith

  1. Stage 0 : Primal / undifferentiated faith
  2. Stage 1 : Intuative-Projective Faith
  3. Stage 2 : Myhtic-Literal Faith
  4. Stage 3 : Synthetic-Conventional Faith
  5. Stage 4 : individuative- reflective faith
  6. Stage 5 : Conjuctive Faith
  7. Stage 6 : Universalizing Faith
• Islamic personality defined as

  The study of human nature in relation to behaviour,thinking and emotions based on values of islam
• Integrative islamic personality

  • Islam-self
  • Real-self
  • Ideal-self
• Integrative islamic personality 4 contructs

  1. Belief in Gof
  2. Awareness of Prophetic teaching
  3. Self-striving
  4. Self-regard
• Nursi emphasize in

  • Integration of scientific reason and faith
  • Holistic approach to knowledge
  • Faith development with intelectu and moral growth within islamic aspect
• Ways to develop faith

  1. Knowledge and learning
  2. Reflection and contemplation
  3. Prayer and worship
  4. Living in accordance with religious principles
  5. Community engagement
  6. Resilience and patience
  7. Nature and contemplation creation
  8. Avoiding doubt and negative influences
  9. Humility and gratitude
  10. Constant renewal and reflection
• 6 stages faith development

  0. Primal or undifferentiated faith (early infancy)

  1. Intuitive-Projective Faith (Preschool and Early School years)
  2. Myhtic-Literal Faith (school age)
  3. Synthetic-Conventional Faith ( adolescence to early adulthood)
  4. Individual reflective faith (adulthood)
  5. Conjunctive Faith (mid-adulthood and beyond)
  6. Universalizing Faith (Rare and exemplary)