labov

• New York stores study: looked at presence of past-vocalic rhotic /r/ very prestigious pronunciation in NY. compared the speech of sales assistants in 3 stores with different class
• New York stores study:

  Kleins (working class): used it the least

  Macy's (middle class): wasn't overly used when first asked but used more when asked to repeat it. shows assistants wanted to adapt their language to suit their class

  sak's (upper class): used it the most
• maths vineyard: inhabitants of the island of Marthas vineyard. noted that the younger members (worked or studied there) converged to the vowel pronunciation of the older members of the island when tourists arrived to distance themselves