Challenge and Change Exam Review

• Birth rate: Less developed countries tend to struggle with overpopulation and high birthrates, while countries with developed technology have to introduce policies in order to improve low birth rates.
• Birth rate: Less developed countries tend to struggle with overpopulation and high birthrates, while countries with developed technology have to introduce policies in order to improve low birth rates.
• Elkind’s Theory:  The idea that teenagers all deal with some sort of egocentrism - the idea that people are as interested in them as they are interested in themselves.
• Agents of socialization: Push adolescents towards discussion or socializing with others; in a political context, agents of political socialization help shape political orientations and behaviors within youth.
• Deviant behavior; primary and secondary: Primary deviance: to commit a deviant behavior without being wholly aware of it; whereas secondary deviance
• Celebrity influence: Celebrities are often prioritized in advertising and media to cater towards audiences and to push more people into buying the aforementioned product.
• Stigma:  a powerful negative master status that affects a person’s self-concept, social identity and interactions with other people.
• Crimes are sorted by violent, property and victimless crimes.
• Crimes increase in adolescence and peak with adulthood, steadily declining with age
• Crime tends to be more common among men, but gender-based violence is more common among LGBTQ individuals and women
• • Social status: Crime tends to be more common among members of lower socioeconomic statues (lower class, working class) Crimes performed in the workplace tend to be performed by those in the upper class, as it is easier for said crimes to be swept under the rug
• Egocentrism: The belief that everyone is HIGHLY interested in you; Elkind believed that this phenomenon was especially prevalent within adolescents
• Types of Social Movements: Revolutionary, Reformative, Redemptive, Alternative. First two aim to change society with varying levels of intensity/overthrowing, while the latter aim to change people with similar levels of intensity
• Anthropology: The study of society’s origins and why/how they developed; studies things like similarities and differences between cultures and why those factors effect
• Sociology: The study of societies and how they work together.
• Psychology: The study of the human mind and its behaviors
• Sociology focuses on how and why the mind changes, and how these changes can affect the greater society.
• Acculturation: In which a culture begins to adopt other values and practices of another culture
• Macrosociology: A study or question that focuses on a specific group/smaller subsection of society
• Social Stratification: Refers to systems of inequality that group people based on factors such as age, gender or race
• An individual’s life experience is defined by the social category they belong to in stratified societies
• Albert Bandura’s Study: Studied learned behaviors; focused on how people learned things through observing other peoples’ behaviors
• Most prevalent study is the Bobo Doll experiment, in which it was observed that children who observed violent behavior were more likely to imitate it.
• Economic Inequality: The unequal distribution of income among individuals; most present in social inequalities and the class system; refer to upper class vs lower class.
• Class System: A type of social stratification system (open) in which social status in a class is either determined by past family history or through an individual’s own efforts.
• ESA (Employment Standards Act): An act that monitors what employers control within their employees.
• Caste System: A closed form of social stratification where one's position within society is predetermined at birth and cannot be changed throughout their lifetime.
• Desensitized: Children are becoming more desensitized to violence as more recent forms of media (video games, tv shows, news networks) begin to feature more extreme forms of violence
• Acclimatized: to make something the “norm” or the usual. Prioritized in capitalism where having the newest gadget is normalized in order to make more product
• Piaget & Cognitive Development: Cognitive development refers to the mental activities associated with growing, learning and communicating. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development comprised of four stages; the sensorimotor stage (experienced in early childhood), preoperational (experienced in childhood), concrete operational (experienced later childhood) and formal operational (adolescence and onwards)
• Socialized Anxiety (Allison Davis): Refers to the tension and discomfort felt in adolescents that motivate and influence good behavior. For example, anxiety about a future test motivates an individual to study for it.
• Strain Theory: Pressure and displeasure from inability to achieve a societal standard/goal may result to individuals resorting to some sort of deviance.
• In strain theory, there are 5 approaches; conformity, ritualism, innovation, retreatism and rebellion.
• Looking Glass Self To form and change your personality and behaviors based on how you think other people will react/have reacted to it.
• Positivism: using scientific research and approaches to explain social behaviors. Example: When researching participation in post-secondary education, positivism research would examine a child’s family dynamic to determine his or her chance of attending a post-secondary institution.
• Achieved Status: Social status earned from working towards it; for example an influencer becomes massively popular because of the work that they’ve done
• Ascribed Status: social classes aligned to individuals with no regard for their interests, family or other factors. often seen in closed systems
• Structural Conduciveness The general agreement that there is an issue within society that needs to be fixed.
• Structural Strains: The understanding that the strains and issues surrounding society may result in individuals resorting to deviance.relates to merton's strain theory
• Charles Cooley: Created the idea of the ‘looking-glass self’. The idea that one’s behavior is modified and learned when other people provides feedback. “I am not what I think I am, and not what you think I am; I am what I think that you think I am.”