Genes, Genomes, Cell Cycle, Cancer

• The functional unit of a chromosome is called a gene.
• A cell's complete set of its DNA is called a genome.
• In DNA, purines pair with other pyrimidines
• Prokaryotes pack their DNA tightly using supercoiling
• The monomers (subunits) of nucleic acids are called nucleotides.
• If a cell has a diploid number of 8, what is its haploid number?

  4
• What is the SAME between DNA and RNA structure?

  phosphate group
• The protein that DNA wraps around to pack tightly into the nucleus in eukaryotes is called a histone.
• The G1 checkpoint makes sure that there is no major DNA damage to the genomic DNA.
• During prophase the nuclear envelope starts to break apart and the chromosomes condense.
• During anaphase the sister chromatids split apart
• Tumor suppressor genes code for negative regulators of the cell cycle.
• The M checkpoint makes sure that all of the chromosomes are connected to spindles.
• Proto-oncogenes code for positive regulators of the cell cycle.
• The DNA is replicated in S phase
• During metaphase the chromosomes line up along the midway of the cells
• Cytokinesis is the separation of the cytoplasm and its components into two separate cells.
• The cell cycle produces two genetically identical cells.
• Guanine and cytosine have 3 hydrogen bonds
• Adenine and cytosine have 2 hydrogen bonds
• Sugar and phosphate made the backbone of DNA
• G1 phase is where the cell grows, accumulates energy, and carries out normal functions.
• S phase is where the DNA/ chromosomes are replicated
• Chromosomes is a connected molecule of DNA
• Homologous chromosomes have the same gene but different alleles of the gene
• Sister chromatids are the same gene and same alleles of the gene.
• G2 phase is where the cell grows, duplicates organelles and the cytoskeleton is dismantled.
• Benign tumors divide and grow slowly and are surround by a capsule usually harmless
• Malignant tumors grow quickly and do not contain a capsule so they are able to invade nearby tissue