Topic 10

• Hydrocarbon


  an organic compound that contains carbon and hydrogen only
• saturated hydrocarbons


  a hydrocarbon with a single bond only
• unsaturated hydrocarbon


  a hydrocarbon with carbon to carbon multiple bonds
• aliphatic hydrocarbon


  a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined in a straight or branched chain
• Alicyclic hydrocarbon


  a hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined in a ring structure

  
• Functional group 


  part of an organic compound responsible for its chemical reaction
• Homologous series


  a series of organic compound with the same functional group, with successive members having an extra CH2 group
• General formula


  a formula that represents all members of a homologous series. The number of carbons is represented Cn H2n+2
• one carbon


  meth
• two carbons


  eth
• three carbons 


  prop
• four carbons 


  but
• five carbons

  pent
• six carbons


  hex
• seven carbons


  hept
• eight carbons

  oct
• How to count carbon?

  longest chain of carbons
• Empirical formula

  simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
• Molecular formula 


  actual number of atoms found in a compound
• structural formula


  full(showing every bond) and condensed
• Alkene --> Dihalogenoalkane 


  (Electrophilic) Addition at room temperature
• Alkene --> Alkane 


  (electrophilic) addition/reduction using a Ni catalyst 200degrees and 1000kPa
• Alkene --> Halogenoalkane


  (electrophilic) addition at room temperature
• Alkene --> Alcohol


  Hydration using a steam + H2SO4 reagent as well as heat
• Alkane --> Halogenoalkane 


  substitution reaction using UV light and free radicals
• Halogenoalkane --> Alcohol 


  (nucleophilic) substitution reaction with a NaOH reagent as well as undergoing heat and reflux.
• Alcohol --> Ketone


  oxidation reaction using heat and a K2Cr2O7 reagent
• Ketone --> Alcohol


  Reduction reaction using heat and a NaBH4 reagent
• Alcohol --> Aldehyde


  oxidation reaction using heat and a K2CR2O7 reagent
• Aldehyde --> Alcohol


  Reduction reaction using heat and a NaBH4 reagent
• Alcohol + Carboxylic acid --> Ester


  Esterification/condensation reaction using a H2SO4 catalyst
• Carboxylic acid --> Alcohol


  Reduction reaction using heat and a LiAlH4 in dry ether reagent
• Aldehyde --> Carboxylic acid 


  Oxidation reaction using heat under reflux as well as a K2Cr2O7 reagent
• Carboxylic acid --> Aldehyde 


  Reduction reaction using heat and a LiAlH4 in dry ether reagent
• Condensation reaction


  molecules join together by splitting off small molecules such as water
• Hydrolysis reaction


  A compound splits apart in a reaction involving water
• Polymerisation reaction


  monomer units join together to form a long chain. This can be addition and condensation
• Addition reaction


  two molecules add together to from a single product
• Elimination reaction


  a reaction which produces an unsaturated product by loss of atoms or groups from adjacent carbons
• Sn2 mechanism


  • 2 or more hydrogens attached to carbon of carbon-halogen bond
  • One-step reaction with unstable transition state
  • biomolecular
  • primary