Geog paper 1

• What is an abiotic component?

  Non-living
• What is a biotic component?

  Living
• What are the 3 components of a small scale eco-system?

  Producers, consumers, decomposers
• Why isn‘t Rainforest soil nutrient rich?

  Leaching
• What is leaching?

  Water washing away nutrients from soil.
• What are the three soil layers in rainforests?

  Humus layer, infertile soil, rock and soil.
• What is the humus layer made up of?

  Decaying materials
• What are the 4 rainforest layers?

  Forest floor, under canopy, canopy, emergents
• What is a tundra?

  treeless areas where the ground is permanently frozen?
• What is a crest?

  Top of a wave
• what is a fetch?

  The distance of open water that wind can blow over
• What is constructive wave?

  Wave with strong swash (leaves sediment on beach)
• What is a destructive wave?

  A wave with a powerful backswash ( takes sediment from beach)
• What is hydraulic action?

  Water pushing air into rock cracks
• what Is abrasion?

  Sand and pebbles thrown at cliff face
• What is solution?

  Chemical reaction with rock that causes it to dissolve into sea water
• What is attrition?

  Pebbles grind over rock causing it to become smoother
• What is chemical weathering?

  Breakup of rock due to chemical change
• What is biological weathering?

  Actions of plants and animals breaking up rocks
• What is mechanical weathering?

  Breakup of rocks without chemical change. (E.g freeze-thaw weathering)
• What are the 4 Types of mass movement?

  Rockfall, landslide, mudflow, rotational slip
• What is rockfall?

  Rock breaks away due to freeze-thaw weathering
• What is landslide?

  Blocks of rock slide downhill
• What is mudflow?

  saturated soil and weak rock fall down a slope
• What is rotational slip?

  Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface
• When sea erodes bottom of cliff.

  Wave cut notch
• What is suspension?

  Particles carried in the water
• What is traction?

  Large pebbles rolled along the seabed
• What is saltation?

  Bouncing motion of smaller pebbles
• What are the 4 plate boundaries?

  Conservative, collision, constructive, destructive
• What is eruption Theory?

  Volcano erupts and releases ash and gas which rise and block sunlight. This lowers global temperature.
• What is sunspot theory?

  More sunspots (black areas on sun) means more solar energy reaches earth. This changes temperature over long periods.
• what is orbital Theory?

  . Earth’s orbit can change

  . Earth’s tilt can change

  . Earth‘s axis wobbles

  All cause temp change
• What is differential heating?

  areas at equator have less overall curve so sun beam covers lower area making it warmer as more sun per area. closer to poles means more curvature meaning colder.
• What are the cells in global atmospheric circulation?

  Hadley, Ferrell, polar
• What happens to air in between Hadley cells?

  Rises
• What happens to air in between Hadley and Ferrell cells?

  Sinks
• What happens to air between the Ferrell and polar cells?

  Rises
• How many degrees(north or south of equator) in size is each cell ?

  30
• what is stage 1 of a tropical storm?

  Upwards movement of air draws water vapour up from warm ocean surface.