2.1.24 science test

• Macromolecules are large structures that make up all living organisms.
• All macromolecules have small subunits called Monomers which bind together to form larger units called polymers.
• There are four classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and amino acids.
• Carbohydrates are the main fuel source for most living things as well as a structural component for many plants.
• The Monomers for carbohydrates are called monosaccharides, which are simple sugars like glucose, fructose, and ribose.
• Polymers called polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides.
• Carbohydrates also include storage carbohydrates like starch in plants and glycogen in animals for energy storage and structural carbohydrates like cellulose in plants and chitin in insects.
• Lipids have a variety of functions in living organisms, including energy storage, cell membrane formation, and steroid function.
• Lipids have no real monomers, they're just what they are, so fats include triglycerides and saturated unsaturated fats, phospholipids form the cellular Membranes, and steroids include all sex hormones and all the steroids form a cholesterol base.
• Proteins are involved in nearly all cellular functions and are a major part of all living organisms.
• The monomers for proteins are Amino acids, and there are 20 different amino acids.
• The polymers for proteins are called Polypeptides, and you bind amino acids together to get polypeptides.
• The protein structure results from folding, which determines the function.
• Nucleic acids store, transmit, and express genetic information, their monomers are called nucleotides, and there are four different types: Adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.
• Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, and they're strands of DNA and RNA.
• A step in a procedure used in the Diffusion Through a Membrane lab is represented in the diagram.
• Molecules A and B are commonly found in plant cells.
• When tested, it was discovered that molecule A quickly passed through the artificial plant cell membrane.
• Molecule B did not pass through.
• The locations of molecules A and B at the beginning of the experiment are shown.
• Only molecule A was found both inside and outside the artificial cell.
• Only molecule B was found both inside and outside the artificial cell.
• Both molecules A and B were found inside and outside the artificial cell.
• The concentration of sucrose molecules increased as water molecules entered the bag.
• This concentration increase pushed the liquid up the tube.
• Water entered the bag due to the lower concentration of water inside.
• The extra water pushed the liquid up the tube as the bag filled.
• Sucrose indicator entered the bag and reacted with the sucrose molecules.
• The reaction made the bag increase in size and pushed the liquid up the tube.
• Sucrose molecules moved out of the bag and up the tube while water moved out, causing the rise of liquid in the tube.
• Cell membranes are said to be selectively permeable.
• The cell membrane prevents any harmful substance from entering the cell.
• The cell membrane lets certain substances enter the cell and keeps certain substances out of the cell.
• The cell membrane has pores that let only water and glucose into the cell and carbon dioxide out.
• The cell membrane allows only large molecules to diffuse into the cell.
• A substance is most likely to diffuse into a cell when the pH of the substance is greater than the pH of the cell, the concentration of the substance is greater outside the cell than inside it, it is enclosed in an organelle such as a vacuole, and it is a large organic food molecule such as protein or starch.
• Glucose moved from the artificial cell into the beaker.
• Glucose molecules combined to produce starch in the artificial cell.
• Water molecules are too large to enter or leave the cell, so they remained where they were at the start of the investigation.
• The protein molecules are too large to diffuse out of the cell.