HESI A2- Biology Set

• Glycolysis takes place in __________________ of a cell

  cytoplasm
• fermentation products

  NAD+, alcohol, CO2, lactic acid

  
• Fermentation Reactants

  pyruvic acid and NADH
• fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

  enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
• ETC oxidizes ________

  NADH molecules to produce oxygen & H2O
• Electron Transport Chain (ETC) starters

  2H ions, 2 electrons, and an O2 molecule
• products of cellular respiration

  carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
• reactants of cellular respiration

  glucose and oxygen
• cellular respiration

  metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose and produces ATP
• Hydrogen bonding in ice has

  lattice structures-

  
  

  as temp decreases, molecules slow down and move v little
• Adhesion

  attraction between molecules of different substances
• Cohesion is caused by

  hydrogen bonds between water molecules
• Cohesion is present in

  liquids and solids
• Each water molecule can make

  4 H bonds
• Carbon and hydrogen is what bond?

  covalent bond
• Hydrogen bonds are formed between ___ & electronegative atoms such as ____

  Hydrogen ; nitrogen, O, fluorine
• Water moves in plants because of its

  cohesive properties
• Polarity allows water

  to TRANSPORT molecules and act as a solvent
• Partial positive charge on ____ atom and partial negative on ___ atom

  H atom ---- Oxygen atom!
• Net charge of a water molecule

  zero
• Covalent bonds are

  sharing of electrons between atoms

  
• Polarity of water is due to

  polar covalent bonds
• In meiosis II, cytokinesis results in the production of

  4 haploid daughter cells
• Meiosis II: Telophase II


  nuclei reform and 4 cells form

  
• Meiosis II: Anaphase II

  Sister chromatids separate, individual chromosomes move toward opposite poles.

  
• Meiosis II: Metaphase II

  Duplicated chromosomes align at the cell equator ( NOT in pairs)

  
• Meiosis II: Prophase 2

  Nuclear envelope breaks apart and chromosomes condense

  
• Meiosis Cytokinesis

  2 cells formed each with 23 chromosomes; 46 chromatids
• meiosis telophase 1

  nuclear membrane forms around each new nucleus, at this point each chromosome still consists of sister chromatids joined by centromere

  
• Meiosis Anaphase 1

  homologous pairs separate and are pulled to opposite poles of cell; this is called disjunction when they are pulled apart;

  
• Meiosis Metaphase 1

  homologous pairs align on equator
• Meiosis Prophase 1

  chromosomes cross over

  
• What is the structure critical to cellular motility?

  cytoskeleton
• Channel protein used to help more substances from high to low concentrations (without water) is?

  facilitated diffusion
• What is the highest level of magnification on a scope?

  10x
• much of digestive system develops from

  endoderm
• mesoderm forms

  muscle
• Nervous system develops the

  esoderm
• The two ways cells reproduce

  mitosis and meiosis
• Oxygen and water molecules


  are small and typically can pass through the cell membrane