Photosynthesis

• Chlorophyll in the thylakoid membranes absorbs photons to initiate light reaction.
• Electrons are transferred through an electron transport chain, which generates ATP by chemiosmosis.
• The Calvin cycle uses carbon dioxide (CO2) as a source of carbon and produces glucose (C6H12O6).
• Light-independent reactions or the Calvin Cycle occurs in stroma and involves the conversion of CO2 into sugar using ATP and NADPH produced during light-dependent reactions.
• Light-dependent reactions occur in chloroplasts and involve the absorption of light energy by pigments such as chlorophyll.
• Photosynthetic organisms use energy from sunlight to convert CO2 into organic compounds like carbohydrates.
• Photosynthetic organisms use energy from sunlight to convert CO2 into organic compounds such as carbohydrates.
• NADPH is produced from NADP+ during the light-dependent reactions.
• Electron transport chain transfers high-energy electrons through a series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane.
• The electron from the water molecule replaces an electron that was lost during photosystem II (PSII) activity.
• Light energy is used by chlorophyll to split water molecules into oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons.
• Photosystem II is located on the outer side of the thylakoid membrane, where it absorbs light energy from chlorophyll molecules to split water into oxygen and hydrogen ions (H+).
• The light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
• The chemical energy is then used to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
• The light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.
• Carbon fixation is the process whereby atmospheric carbon dioxide enters photosynthesizing cells and becomes incorporated into organic molecules.
• Photosystem II is responsible for splitting water molecules into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions.
• Photosynthetic organisms use energy from sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and organic compounds such as carbohydrates.
• ATP synthase converts ADP and Pi into ATP using the proton gradient generated from photosystem II.
• Carbon fixation is the process where CO2 is converted into organic molecules.
• Rubisco catalyses carboxylation of RuBP to form two molecules of PGA.
• Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in plants that absorbs light energy used in photosynthesis.
• Calvin cycle is also known as the dark reaction because it does not require light.
• NADP+ is reduced to NADPH by electrons passing through the electron transport chain.
• ATP is produced from ADP during the light-dependent reactions.
• Carbon fixation is the process where CO2 is converted into an organic compound, usually a sugar.
• Carbon fixation refers to the process whereby atmospheric carbon dioxide is converted into organic molecules.
• The electron transport chain generates ATP, which powers the Calvin cycle.
• In photosynthesis, plants absorb water and minerals from soil and release oxygen gas into the atmosphere.
• Oxygen gas is released into the atmosphere while hydrogen atoms are transferred to NADP+ to form NADPH.
• Chlorophyll absorbs light energy and passes it on to other molecules involved in photosynthesis.